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March 2, 1883.] 



tHale. 



PROCEEDINGS 

OF THE 



AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 

HELD AT PBILADELPHIA, FOE PROIOTOG USEFUL OOWLEDfiE. 



VOL. XXI. 



1883. 



No. 114. 



THE TUTELO TRIBE AND LANGUAGE. 
Bt Horatio Hale. 
(Read before the American, Philosophical Society, March 2, 188S.) 

The tribes of the Dakota stock, under various designations — Osages, 
Quappas, Kansas, Otoes, Omahas, Minitarces (or Hidatsas), lowas, Man- 
dans, Sioux (or Dakotas proper) andAssiniboins, have always been regarded 
as a people of the western prairies, -^hose proper home was the vast region 
lying west of the Missisdl^, and stretching from the Arkansas River on 
the south totheSaskaU^l£lSNk|Aionthe north. Asingle tribe, the Winnebagoes, 
who dwelt east of the .jy^jHp^^i, near the western shore of Lake Michi- 
gan, were deemed tx> be ititi^iap^into the'territory of the Algonkin nations. 
The fact, which has been iW(Hil3y {Uscertained, that several tribes speaking 
languages of the Dakota stodk were found by th^ earliest explorers occu- 
pying the country east of the Alleghenie^ along a line extending through 
the southern Qart of Virginia and the northern portion of North Carolina, 
nearly to the Atlantic ocean, has naturally awakened much interest. This 
interest will be heightened if it shall appear that not only must our ethno- 
graphical maps of North America be. modified, but that a new element has 
been introduced into the theory of Indian migrations. Careful researches 
seem to show that while the language of these eastern tribes is closely 
allied to that of the western Dakotas, it bears evidence of being older 
in form. If this conclusion shall be verified, the supposition, which at first 
was natural, that these eastern tribes were merely offshoots of the Dakota 
stock, must be deemed at least improbable. The course of migration may 
be found to have followed the contrary direction, and the western Dakotas, 
like the western Algonkins, may find their parent sto(^ in the east As 
a means of solving this interesting problem, the study of the history and 
language of a tribe now virtually extinct assumes a peculiar scientific value. 
Philologists will notice, also, that in this study there is presented to them 
a remarkable instance of an inflected language closely allied in its vocaba- 

PBOC. AKEB. PmiiOS. SCO. XYT. 114. A. PKEETrSD XABCH 26, 1883. 



Hale.l ^ [March 2, 

lary and in many of its forms to dialects which are mainly agglutinative 
in their structure, and bear but slight traces of inflection. 

In the year 1671 an exploring party under Captain Batt, leaving "the 
Apomatock Town," on the James River, penetrated into the mountains 
of Western Virginia, at a distance, by the route they traveled, of two hun- 
dred and fifty miles from their starting point. At this point they found 
" the Tolera Town in a very rich swamp between a breach [branch] and 
the main river of the Roanoke, circled about by mountains."* There are 
many errata in the printed narrative, and the circumstances leave no 
doubt that "Tolera" should be " Totera." On their way to this town the 
party had passed the Sapong [Sapony] town, which, according to the 
journal, was about one hundred and fifty miles west of the Apomatock 
Town, and about a hundred miles east of the "Toleras." A few years 
later we shall find these tribes in closer vicinity and connection. 

At this period the Five Nations were at the height of their power, and in 
the full flush of that^reer of congest which extended their empire from 
jrthe Georgian Bay oirlhe north to the Roanoke River on the south. They 
had destroyed the Hurons and the Erics, had crushed the Andastes (or 
Conesto^ Indians), h.id reduced the Dela wares to subjection, and were 
now brought into direct collision with the tribes of Virginia and the Caro- 
Unas. The Toteras (whom we shall henceforth know as the Tutdoes) 
began to feel their power. In 1635 the French missionaries had occasion 
to record a projected expedition of the Senecas against a people designated 
in the printed letter the ''Tolere," — the same misprint occurring once 
more in the same publication.t The traditions of the Tuteloes record long 
continued and destructive wars waged against them and their allies by 
the Iroquois, and more especially by the two western nations, the Cayu- 
gas and Senecas. To escai>e the incursions of their numerous and relent- 
less enemies, they retreated further to the south and east. Here they 
came under the observation of a skilled explorer, John Lawson, the Sur- 
veyor-General of South Carolina. In 1701, Lawson traveled from Char- 
leston, S. C, to Famlicosound. In this journey he leffcthe sea-coastat the 
mouth of the Santee river, and pursued a northward course into the hilly 
country, whence he turned eastward to Pamlico. At the Sapona river, 
which was the west branch of the Cape Fear or Clarendon river, he came 
to the Sapona town, where he was well received. ^ He there heard of the 
Toterosas "a neighboring nation "in the ** western mountains." "At 
that time," he adds, "these Toteros, Sai>onas, and the Eeyawees, three 
small nations, were goihg to live together, by which they thought they 
should strengthen themselves and become formidable to their enemies." 

*Batrs Journal ana BelaUon of a New Discovery^ la N. T. Hist. CoL Yol. iU, 
p. 191. 

fLambreTille to Brayas, Xov. 4, 1696, ia K. T. Hist. CoL, Yol« iii^ p. 484. 

t Gallatin sa^ests tiiat Lawson was bere in error, and that the Sapona river 
was a branch of the Great Pedee, which he does not mention, and some branches 
which he evidently mistook fbr tributaries of the Cape Fear river.— iSjfnoptij of 
the Jndian Tribes, p. 86. 



1883. J 



[Hale. 



They were then at Var with the powerfur'and dreaded Senecas— whom 
Lawson styles Sinnagers. While he was at the Sapona town, some of the 
Toteras warriors came to visit their allies. Lawson was struck'with their 
appearance. He describes them, in his quaint idiom, as "tall, likely men. 
having great plenty of bufialoes, elks and bears, with every sort of deer, 
amongst them, which strong food makes large, robust bodies." In another 
place he adds: "These five nations of the Toteros, Saponas, Keiauwees, 
Aconechos and Schoicories are lately come amongst us, and may contain 
in all about 750 men, women and children."* It is known that the Tote- 
roes (or Tuteloes) and Saponas understood each other's ^speech, and it is 
highly probable that all the five tribes belonged to the same stock. They^y 
had doubtless fled together from southwestern Virginia before their Iro- 
quois invaders. The position in which they had taken refuge might well 
have seemed to them safe, as it placed between them and their enemies 
the strong and warlike Tuscarora nation, which numbered then, accord- 
ing to Lawson's estimate, twelve hundred warriors, clustered in fifteen 
towns, stretching along the Neuse and Tar rivers. Tet, even behind this 
living rampart, the feeble confederates were not secure, Lawson was 
shown, near the Sapona town, the graves of seven Indians who had been 
lately killed by the "Sinnegars or Jennitos" — aames by which Gallatin 
understands the Senecas and Oneidas, though as regards the latter identi- 
fication there may be some question. 

The noteworthy fact mentioned by Lawson, that buffaloes were found 
in "greaE plenty" in the hilly country on the head waters of the Cape 
Fear river, may be thought to afford a clue to the causes which account 
for the appearance of tribes of Dakota lineage east of the AHeghenies. The 
Dakotas are peculiarly a hunting race, and the buffalo is their favorite 
game. The fact that the Big Sandy river, which fiows westward from the 
AHeghenies to the Ohio, and whose head waters approach those of the 
Cape Fear river, was anciently known as the Totteroy river, has been 
supposed to afford an indication that the progress of the Toteros or Tate - 
los, and perhaps of the buffaloes which they hunted, may be traced along 
its course from the Ohio valley eastward. There are evidences which seem 
to show that this valley was at one time the residence, or at least the hunt- 
ing-ground, of tribes of the Dakota stock. Gravier (in 1700) affirms that 
the Ohio river was called by the Illinois and the Miamis the Akansea 
river, because the Akanseas formerly dwelt along it.t The Akanseas 
were identical with the Quappas, and have at a later day given their name 
to the river and State of Arkansas. Catlin fotmd reason for believing 

♦ Iiawson*s ** History of Carolina ;" reprinted by Strother & Marcom« Raleigh, 
1S60 ; p. 384. 

t " Elle " (the Ohio) " s^appelle par les Illinois et par Ics Oumiamls la rivldre 
aes Akanseas, parceqae les Akanseas rhabitoient autrefois."— Gravier, Relation 
da Voyage, p. 10. I am indebted for this and other references to my esteemed 
. friend. Or. J. G. Shea, whose unsurpassed knowledge of Indian history Is not 
more admirable tlian the liberality with which its stores are placed at the oomi> 
mand of his firlends. 



fflhi- 



Hale-l * [March 2, 

that the Mandans, another tribe of the Southern Dakota stock, fonnerly 
— and at no very distant period— resided in the valley of the Ohio. The 
peculiar trace*; in the soil which marked the foundations of their dwellings 
and the position of their villages were evident, heaffirnis, at various points 
along that river. It is by no means improbable that when the buffalo 
abounded on the Ohio, the Dakota tribes found its valley their natural 
home, and that they receded with it to the westward of the Mississippi. 
But the inference that the region west of the Mississippi was the original 
home of the Dakotas, and that those of that stock who dwe.t on the Ohio 
or east of the Alleghcnics were emigrants from the Western prairies, does 
not, by any m^ans, follow. By the same, course of reasoning we might 
conclude that the Aryans had their original seat in Western Europe, that 
the Portuguese were emigrants from Bnizil, and that the English derived 
theip origin from America. The migrations of races a r^n ot to be traced 
by such recent and casual vijstiges. The only evidence which has real 
weight in any inquiry respecting migrations in prehistoric limes is that 
of language ; and where this fails, as it sometimes docs, the question must 
be pronounced unsolublc. 

The protection which the Tuteloes had received from the Tuscaroras 
and their allies soon failed them. In the year 1711 a war broke out between 
the Tu§caron\s and the Carolina settlers, which cn?5ed during the following 
year in the complete defeat of the Indians. After their overthrow the 
great body of the Tuscaroras retniated northward and joined the Iroquois, 
who received them into their league as the sixth nation of the confederacf^. 
A portion, however, remained near their original home. They merely re- 
tired a short distance northward into the Virginian territory, and took up 
their abode in the tract which lies between the Roanoke and the Potomac 
rivers. Here they were allowed to remain at peace, under the protection of 
the Virginian government. And here they were presently joined by the 
Tuteloes and Saponas, with their confederates. In September, 1724, the 
governors of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, held a conference at 
Albany with the chiefs of the Iroquois, to endeavor to bring about a peace 
between them and the southern tribes. On this occasion Governor Spottes- 
wood, of Virginia, enumerated the tribes for which the government of 
' his Province would undertake to engage. Amr>ng them were certain 
tribes which were commonly known under the name of the ** Christanna 
Indians." a name derived from that of a fort which liad been established 
in their neighborhood. These vere ''the^ Saponies, Ochineeches, Sten- 
kenoaks, Meipontskys, and Toteroes," all of whom, it appears, the Iro- 
quois were accustomed to comprehend under the name of Todirichrbnes.* 
Some confusion and uncertainty, however, arise in consulting tlje col- 
onial records of this time, from the fact that this name of Todirichrones was 
appU^ by the Iroquois to two distm^ tribes, or rather confederacies, of 
SoutUem Indians, belonging to di^rent stocks, and speaking languages 

♦H. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. V, p. 655 et seq. 



1SS3.) 



5 



[Hale, 



totally dissimilar. These were, on the one hand, the Tutelocs (or Tote- 
rocs) and their allies, and, on the other, the powerful Catawba nation. 
The Catawbas occupied the eastern portion of the Carolinas, south of the 
Tuscarora nation. At the beginning of the last century they numberQcl 
several thousand souls. As late as 1743, according to Adair, they could 
^still muster four hundred warriors. A bitter animosity existed between 
them and the Iroquois, leading to frequent hostilities, which the English 
authorities at this conference sought to repress. It was the policy of the 
Iroquois, from ancient times, always to yield to overtures of peace from 
any Indian nation. On this occasion they responded in their usual spirit. 
** Though there is among you," they replied to the Virginians, **a nation, 
the Todirichrones, against whom we have had so inveterate an enmity 
that we thought it could only be extinguished by- their total extirpation, 
yet, since you desire it, we are willing to receive them into this peace, and 
to ft)rget all the past-"* 

Tlife Catawba language isa peculiar speech, differing widaly. if not radi- 
cally, both from the Dakota and from the Iroquois languages.! The only 
connection between the Catawbas and theTuteloes appears to have arisen 
from the fact that they were neighboring. and#perhaps politically "allied 
tribes, and were alike engaged in hostilities with the Iroquois. The 
latter, however, seem to have confounded tlicm all together, under the 
name of the tribe which lay nearest to the confederacy and was the best 
known to them. 

One result of the peace thus established was that the Tutelocs and 
Saponas, after a time, determined to follow the course which had been 
Uiken by the major portion of their Tuscarora friends, and place them- 
selves directly under the protection of the Six Nations. Moving north- 
ward across Virginia, they established themselves at Shamokin (since 
named Sunbur}') in what is now the centre of Pennsylvania. It was a 
region which the Iroquois held by right of conquest, its former occupants, 
the Delawares and Shawanese. having been cithfix_exgelled or reduced to 
subjection. Here,, under the shadow of the g/eat confederacy, many frag- 



♦ X. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. V, p. fiCO. 

t Gallatin, in liis Synopsis claftscs the CatawTja a^a separate stock, distinct, 
from the Dakota. The vocabulary winch he itive;^eems to warrant this sepa- 
ration, the resemblances of words being fki\v/a\inof a doubtful character. On 
the other hand, in the first annual report of/luniureaii of Ethnology connected 
with the Smithsonian Institution (Introdu/6Uon,p. :xix) theKal&ba (or Catawba) 
is ranked among the languages of the IWKotan fjimily. My este'^med corre- 
spondent, Mr. A.S.Gat8chet,whoseextenjtfveacquainiance wiihlndl.iii linguist- 
ics gives great weight to hisopinion on »ny subject connected with this study, 
informs me (March 31, 1882) that this olassiflcation was conjectural and provi- 
sional, and that his subsequent researrfhes among the few survivors of the tribe 
have not yet resulted in conflrmingirT They show certain traces of resemblance, 
both in the vocabulary and the syntax, but too slight and distant to make the 
afRliation certain. We shall liave, as he remarks, "to compare more material, 
or more attentively that which we^ve, to arrive at a final result.'' 



/^ 



».c 






; Hale.J ^ [March 2, 

xnents of broken tribes were now congregated — C0D07S, Nanticokes, Del- 
\- awares, Tuteloes^ and otbers. 

i ""In September, 1745, the nus^narj, David Brainerd, visited Sbamokin. 

i He describes it in his diarr as containing upwards of fifty bouses lind 

nearly three hnnd^ persons. "They are,'* he says, "of three different 
\ tribes of Indians, ^pealdng three languages wholly unintelligible to each 

!i Other. Abont one half of its inbalMtants are Delawares, the others Senekas 

I; y^ and Tatelas.'** Three years lat^, in the sttmmer of 1748, an exploring 

II . ; P^rty of Moravian nussionaries passed thioogh the same region. The 

j. celebrated Zeisberger, who was one of them, has lefV' a record of their 

[ travels. From this we gather that the whole of the Tuteloes were not 

congregated in Sbamokin. Beforereachingthattown,tbey passed tbrough 
j; Skogari, in what is now Colombia coanty. In Zeisberger's biography the 

i impression formed of this town by the travelers is expressed in brief but 

- emphatic terms. It was ** the only town on the continent inhabited by 
Tuteloes, a d^enerate remnant of tlueves and drunkards.*'! This dis- 
paraging descripUon was perhaps not unmerited. Yet some regard must be 
paid to a fact of which the good missionary could not be aware, namely, 
that the Indians who are ^^racterized in these unsavory terms belonged 
to a stock distingubhed from the other Indians whom he knew by certain 
j marked tndts of character. Thd^ who are familiar with the various 

I branches of the Indian race are| aware th^ every tribe, and still more 

;; every main stock, or ethnic fiunily, has certid^spectal characteristics, both 

physical and mentaL The Mohawk differs in look and character decidedly 
|| from the Onondaga, the Delaware from the Shawanese, the Sioux from 

the Mandan ; and between the great divisions to which these tribes belong, 
the differences are much more strongly marked. The Iroquois have been 
styled 'Vthe Romans of the West.'* The designation is more just than is 
usual in sudi oomparisoDS. Indeed* the resemblance between these grealt 
' conquering oommonities is strikinsly marked. The same politic fore- 

.thought in council, the same respect for laws and treaties, the same love 
of conquest> the same relentless determination in war, the same clemency 
to the utterly vanquished, a like readiness to strengthen their power by 
the admission of.strangers to the citizenship, an equal reliance on strong 
fortifications, rioular customs of forming outlying colonies, and of ruling 
subject natioDS by proconsular deputies, a dmilar admixture of aristocracy 
and democracy in their consdtution, a like taste for agriculture, even a 
notable ^milari^ in the strong and heavy mould of figure and the bold 
_ and massive features, marked the two peoples who^ on widely distant 

theatres of action, achieved not dissimilar destinies. 

Pursuingthesame dassical comparison, we m^t liken the nearest neigh- 
bors of the IroqmMS, the tribes of the Algonkin stock, whose natural traits 
are exemplified in th^ renowned sachems, Powhatan, Philip of Pokano- 

*IdfoofBialiierd,p^l«7, Am. Tract Soe. edition. Qaoted in the ^' I^lfe of Zeis- 
berger,** by De Sohw^nltz. p. 71- 
t I^e of Zetstkerger, by De S<^welnlta, p. 14S. 



V 



188S.r 



[Hale. 



ket, Miantanomah, Pontiac, and Tecumseh, to the ingenious and versatile 
Greeks, capable of heroism, but incapable of political union, or of long-sus- 
tained effort. A not less notable resemblance might be found between the 
wild and wandering Scythians of old, and the wild and wandering tribes 
of the great Dakotan stock. Reckless and rapacious, untamable and fickle, 
fond of the chase and the fight, and no less eager for the dance and the 
feast, the modem Dakotas present all the traits which the Greek historians 
and travelers remarked in the barbarous nomads who roamed along the:^ 
northern and eaitem frontiers. 

The Tuteloesl far from the main body of their race, and encircled by 
tribes of Algonkin and Iroquois lineage, showed all the distinctive charaq- 
teristi(6 of the stock to which^they belonged. The tall, robust huntsmen 
of Lawson, chasers of the elk and the deer, had apparently degenerated, 
half a century later, into a "remnant of thiev« and drunkards," at 
least as seen in the hurried view of a passing missionary. But it 
would seem that their red-skinned-neighbors saw Sn them some qualities * 
which gained their respect and liking. Five years after Zeisberger's visit, 
the Iroquois, who h|td held them hitherto under a species of tutelage, de- 
cided to admit them, together with their fellow-refugees, the Algonkin 
Nanticokes from the Eastern Shore of Maryland, to the full honors of the 
confederacy. The step received the commendation of so strewd a judge as 
Colonel (afterwards Sir William) Johnson. At a great coimcil of the Six 
Nations, held at Onondaga in September, 1753, Colonel Johnson congratu- 
lated the Cayugas on the resolution they had formed of "strengthening their 
castle " by taking in the Tedarighroones.* At about the same time a band 
of Delawares was received into the League. When a great council was to 
be convened in 1756, to confer with Colonel Johnson on the subject of the 
French war, wampum belts were sent to nine "nations" of the 
confederacy.t From this time the chiefs of the Tuteloes, as woll as o 
the Nanticokes and the Delawares, took their seats in the Council of the 
League, a position which they still hold in the Canadian branch of the con- 
federacy, though the tribes whom they represent l^ave ceased to exist as 
such, and have become absorbed in the larger nations. 

It would seem, however, thai their removal from their lands on the Sus- 
quehanna to the proper territory of the Six Nations did not take place im- 
mediately after their reception into the League, and perhaps was never 
wholly completed. In an "account of the location of the Indian tribes,*' 
prepared by Sir William Johnson in November, 1763. the four small tribes 
of "Nanticokes. Conoys, Tutecoes [an evident misprint] and Saponeys," 
are bracketed together in the list as mustering in all two hundred men, and 
are described as "a people removed from the southward, and settled on or 
about the Susquehanna, on lands allotted by the Six Nations/ 'f 

Though the Tuteloes were thus recognized as one of the nations of the 

• N. T. HUt. Col. Vol. vl, p. 811. 

t stone's Life of Sir W llliam Johnson, Vol. 1, p. 484. 

t iWd., Vol. il, p. 487. -^ 



y 



t 
\ 



\ 

liale.l ^ [March 2, 

confederacy, and as such kept up their distinct tribal organization, they were 
regarded as being in a special manner the friends and allies of the Cay- 
ugas. The latter, a tribe always noted fur their kindly temper, received the 
new comers within their territory, and gave them a site for their town, 
which of course brought with it the hunting and fishing privileges neces- 
sary' for their existence. The principal Cayuga villages were clustered 
about the lake to which the nation has given its name. South of them la}- 
the land assigned to the Tuteloes. Their chief settlement, according to a 
careful observer, was on the east side of Cayuga inlet, about three miles 
from the south end of Cayuga lake, and two miles south of Ithaca. **Tlie 
town was on the high gnnmd south of the school-house, nearly opposite 
Buttermilk Falls, on the farm of James Fleming. On the Guy Johnson's 
map of 1771, it figures (by a slight misprint) as Todevigh-rono. It was 
c-alled in the JournaLpf General Dearborn, Coreorgonel ; in the Journal of 
George Grant (1779)7 t):»horiss-kanadia ; and on a map made about the 
bamc date Kayeghtalagealat."* ^ 

The town was destroyed in 1779 by General Sullivan, in the expedition 
which avenged, so disastrously for the Six Nations, the ravages committed 
by them upon the settlements of their white neighbors. The result, as is 
well known, was the destruction of the ancient confederacy. Of the broken 
tribes, some fragments remained in their original S3ats, submitting to the 
conquerors: All the Mohawks, the greater part of the Cayugas, about half of 
the Onondagas, and many of the Oneidas, with a few of the Senecas and 
Tuscaroras, followed Brant to Canada. The British government furnished 
them with lands, mostly along the Grand River, in the territory which in 
ancient times had been conquered by the Iroquois from the people who 
were styled the Neutral Nation. The Tuteloes accompanied their friends 
the Cayugas. A place Wiis found for them in a locality which seemed at 
the time attractive and desirable, but which proved most unfortunate for 
them. They built their town on a pleasant elevation, which stretches along 
the western banfe of the Grand River, and still bears the name of Tutelo 
Heights. Under tliis name it now forms a suburb of the city of Brantford. 

Fifty years ago, when the present city was a mere hanger, occupied by 
a few venturous Indian traders and pioneers, the Tutelo cabins were scat- 
tered over these heights, having in the midst their "long-house ** in which 
their tribal councils were held, and their festivals celebrated. They are 
said to have ntimbered then about two hundred souls. The^' retained ap- 
parently the reckless habits and love of enjoyment which had distin- 
guished them in former times. Old people still remember the uproar of the 
dances which enlivened their council-house. Unhappily, the position of 

**Iam indebted tor this and mach other valuable information to my friend 
General John S. Clark, of Auburn, N. Y., who has made the location and migra- 
tions of the Indian tribes the subject of a special study. Of the above names 
Pehoriss kanadia is apparently a corruption of the Mohawk words Tehoterigh 
kanada^ Tutelo town. The other words are probably, like most Indian names 
of places, descriptive deslgnatiqns, but are too much corrupted^ to be satisfac- 
torily deciphered. 



* 



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1S83.1 



9 



fHale. 



their town brought them^into direct contact with the white settlcanents. 
Their frames, enfeebled by dissipation, were an easy prey to the diseases 
which followeil in the track of the new population. In 18^52, the Asiatic 
cholera found many victims on the Indian Reserve. The Tuteloes. in pro- 
I)ortion to their numbers, suffered the most. The greater part of the tribe 
perished. Those who escaped clung to their habitations a few years longer. 
But the second visitation of the dread&il plague in 1848 completed the 
^'work of the first. The Tutelo nation ceased to exist. The few survuvors 
fled from the Heights to which they have left their name, and took i^fuge 
among their Cayuga friends. By intermarriage with these allies, the small 
remnatrt was soon absorbed ; and in Ihe year 1870, only one Tutelo of the 
full blood was known to be living, the last survivor oMhe tril)e of stalv^ari 
• hunters and daring warriors whom Lawson encountered in'Carolina a hun- 
dred and seventy y^rs before. 

This last surviving Tutelo lived ;imong the Cayugas, and was known to 
them by the name of Nikonha. Okonha in the Cayugi dialect signifies 
mosquito. NikoaJia was sometimes, in answer to my inquiries, rendered 
"mosquito," and sometimes "little/* perhaps in the sense of mosqlj^ito- 
like. His Tutelo name was said to be Waskiteng ; its meaning could not 
be ascertained, and it was perhaps merely a corruption of the English word 
mosquito. At all events, it was by the rather odd cognomen of "Old 
Mosquito," that he was commonly known among the whites ; and he was 
even so designated, I believe, in the pension. list, in which he had a place 
as having served in the war of 1812. What in common repute was deemed 
to be the- most notable fact in regiird to him was his great age. He was 
considered by far the oldest man on the Reserve. Ilis age was said to ex- 
ceed a century ; and in confirmation of this opinion it was related that he 
had fought under Brant in the American war of Independence. My friend. 
Chief George Johnson, the government interpreter, accompanied us to' the ' 
residence of the old man, a log cabin, built on a small eminence near the 
centre of the Reserve. His appearance, as we first saw hiiji, basking in the 
sunshine on the slope before his cabin, confirmed the reports which I had 
heard, both of his great age and of his marked intelligence. ** A wrinkled, 
smiling countenance,, a high forehead, half-shut eyes, white hair, a 
scanty, stubbly beard, fingers bent with age like a bird's claws," istht^ 
description recorded in my note book. Not only in physiognomy, but 
also in demeanor and charactep^ie differed strikingly from the grave and 
composed Iroquois amoni^Whmyiie dwelt. The lively, mirthful disposi- 
tion of his race survived idfu}]kft>rce in its latest meml>er. fiis replies to 
our inquiries were internnfigled with many jocose remarks, and much 
good-humored laughtep^-^ ^ 

He was married to a Cayuga wife, and for many years liad spoken only 
the language ^f her people. „ But he had not forgotten his proper speech, 
and readil J^ gave us the Tutelo renderings of aearly a hundred words. At 
that time my only knowledge of the Tuteloes had been derived from the 
few notices comprised in Gallatin's Synopsis of the Indian Tribes, where 

PBGC* AHKIt. PHILOS. SOC. XXI. 114. B. PRINTED MARCH 26, 1833. 








•M 



^ 



ale.] 



10 



[March 2, 



they are classed with the nations of the Huron-Iroquois stock. At the 
same time, the distinguished author, with the scientific caution which 
marked all his writings, is careful to mention that no vocabulary of the 
language was known. That which was now obtained showed, beyond 
question, that th^ language was totally distinct from the Huron-Iroquois 
tongues, and that it was closely allied to the languages of the Dacotau 
family. 

The discovery of a tribe of Dakota lineage near the Atlantic coast was 
so unexpected and surprising that at first it was natural to suspect some 
mistake. The idea occurred that the old Tutelo might have been a Sioux 
captive, taken in the wars which were anciently waged between the Iro- 
quois and the tribes of the far West. With the view of determining this 
point, I took the first opportunity, on my next visit to the Reserve, in 
October, 1^70, of questioning the old man about his early history, and 
that of his people. His answers soon removed all doubt. He believed 
himself to be a hundred and six years old ; and if so, his earliest recollec- 
tions would go back to a time preceding by some years the Revolutionary 
war. At that time his people, the Tuteloes, were living in the neighbor- 
hood of two other tribes, the Saponies and the Patshenins or Botshenins. 
In the latter we may perhaps recognize the Ocliineeches, whom Governor 
Spotteswood. in 1703, enumerated with the Saponies, Toterocs, and two 
other tribes, under the general name of Christanna Indians. The Sapo- 
nies and Tuteloes, old Nikonha said, could understand one another's 
speech. About the language of the Patshenins, I neglected to inquire, but 
they were mentioned with the Saponies as a companion tribe. When 
- the Tuteloes came to Canada" with Brant, they parted with the Saponies at 
Niagara Falls, and he did not know what \ad become of them. His 
father's name was Onusowa ; he was a chief among the Tuteloes. His 
mother (who was also a Tutelo), died when he was young, and he was 
brought up by an uncle. He had heard from old men that the Tuteloes 
formerly lived on»a great river beyond Washington, which city he knew by 
that name. In early times they were a large tribe, but had wasted away 
through fighting. Their war parties used to go out frequently against 
various enemies. The tribes they most commonly fought with were the 
Tuscaroras, Senecas, and Cayugas. Afterwards his4;ribe came to Niagara 
(as he expressed it), and joined the Six Nations. He knew of no Tutelo 
of the full blood now living, except himself. 

This, with some additions to my vocabulary, was the last information 
which I received from old Waskiteng, or Nikonha. He died a few 
months later (on the 2lst of February, 1871), before I had an opportunity 
<5f again visiting the Reserve. There are, however, several half-caste3, 
children of Tutelo mothers by Iroquois fathers, who know the language, 
and by the native law (which traces descent through the female) are held 
to be Tuteloes. One of them, who sat in the council as the representative 
of the tribe, and**who, with a conservatism worthy of the days of old Sarum, 
was allowed to retain his seat after his constituency had disappeared, was 




1883.1 



11 



[Hale. 






accustomed to amuse his grave fellow-senators occasionally by asserting 
the right which each councillor possesses of addre^ng the council in the 
language of his x)eople, — ^his speech, if necessity requires, being translated 
by an interpreter. In the case of the Tutelo chief the jest, wliich was duly 
appreciated, lay in the fact that tlie interpreters were dumfoundcd, and 
that the eloquence uttered in an unknown tongue liad to go without reply. 
From this chief, and from his aunt, an elderly dame, whose daughter 
was the wife of a leading Onondaga chief, I received a sufficient number 
of words and phrases of the language to give a good idea of its grammati- 
cal framework. Fortunately, the list 'of words obtained from the old Tutelo 
was extensive enough to affdrd a test of the correctness of the additioaal 
information thus procured. The vocabulary and the outlines of gramnaar 
which have been derived from these sources may, therefore, as far as tlrey 
extend, be iaccepted as affording an authentic representation of this very 
interesting speech. 

There is still, it should be added, some uncertainty in re^rd to- the tribal 
name. So far as can be learned, the word Tutelo or Totero (which in 
the Iroquois dialects is variously pronounced Tiuterih or Tehotirigh, Te- 
hutili, Tiutei and Tijtie) has no meaning either in the Tutelo or the Iro- 
quois language. It may have been originally a mere local designation, 
which has accompanied the tribe, as such names sometimes do, in its sub- 
sequent migrations. Both of my semi-Tutelo informants assured me that 
the proper national name — or the name by which the people were desig- 
nated among themselves— was Yesang or Yesah, the last syllable having 
a faint nasal sound, which was sometimes barely audible. In this word 
we probably see the origin of the name, Nahyssan, applied by Lederer to 
the tribes of this stock.' John Lederer was a German traveler who in 
May, 1670 — a year before Captain Batt's expedition to the Alleghenies — 
undertook, at the charge of the colonial government, an exploring jour- 
ney in the same direction, though not with equal success. He made, how- 
ever, some interesting discoveries. Starting from the Falls of the James 
river, he came, after twenty days of travel, to "8apon, a village of the 
Nahyssans," situate on a branch of the Roanoke river. These were, un- 
doubtedly, the Saponas whom Captain Batt visited in the following year, the 
kindred and allies of \he Tuteloes. Fifty miles beyond Sapon he arrived ^ 
at Akenatzy, an island in the same river. "The island," hesays, *' though 
small, maintains many inhabitants, who are fixed in great security, being 
naturally fortified with fastnesses of mountains and water on evexy 
side."* In these Akenatzies we undoubtedly see the Aconechos of 
Lawson, and the Ochineeches mentioned by Governor Spotteswood. Dr. 
Brinton, in his well-known work on the " Myths of the New World,'* has 
pointed out, also, their identity with the Occaneeches mentioned by Bever- 
ley in his *• History of Virginia,'' and in doing so has drawn attention to 






*Sefi*' The Discoveries of John Lederer,'' reprinted by O. U, Hai:pQl. 
natJ, 1879, p. 17. ^ 



Cincln- 



1{«3.] 



12 



[March 2, 



the ver^ interesting facts recorded by Beverley respecting their Ian- ^ 
guage.* 

According to this historian, the tribes of Virginia spoke langurigcs differ- 
ing so wjdely that natives "at a moderate distance'* apart did not under- 
stand one another. They had, however, a ** general language," which 
people of different tribes used in their intercourse with one another, pre- 
cisely as the Indians of the north, according to La Hontan. used the **A1- 
gonkine," and as Latin was employed in most parts of Europe, and the 
Lingua 'Franca in the Levant. These are Beverley's illustrations. He 
then adds the remarkable statement: ''The general language here used is 
that of the Occineeches, though they have been but a small nation ever 
since these parts were known to the English ; but in what their language 
may differ from that of the Algonkins I am ^not able to determine.*'! 
Further on he gives us the siill more surprising information thai this "gen- 
eral language'* was used by the "priests and conjurors" of the different 
Virginian nations in performing their religious ceremonies, in the same 
manner (he observes) "as the Catholics of all nations do their ^Liss in 
the Latin. "{ 

The Akenatzies or Occaneeches would seem to have been, in some 
respects, the chief or leading community among the tribes of Dakotan 
stock who formerly inhabited Virginia. That these tribes had at one 
time a large and widespread population jnay be inferred from the simple 
fact that their language, like that of the widely scattered Algonkins (or 
Ojibways) in the northwest, became the general medium of communica- 
tion for the people of different nationalities in their neighborhood. That 
they had some ceremonial observances (or, as Beverley terms them, "ado- 
rations and conjurations") of a peculiar and impressive cast, like those of 
tlie western Dakotas, seems evident from the circumstance that the intru- 
sive tribes adopted this language, and probably witli it some of these ob- 
servances, in performing their own religious rites. AVe thus have a strong 
and unexpected confirmation of the tradition prevailing among the tribes 
both of the Algonkin and of the Iroquois stocks, >vhich represents them 
as coming originally from the far north, and gradually overspreading .the 
country on both sides of the AUeghanies; from the Great Lakes to the moun- 
tain fiistnessesof the Cherokees. They found, it would seem,' Virginia, and 
possibly the whole country east of theAlleghenies, from the Great Lakes to 
South Carolina, occupied by tribes speaking languages of the Dakotan 
stock. That the displacement of these tribes was a very gradual process, 
and that the relations between the natives and the encroaching tribes were 
not always hostile, may be inferred not only from the adoption of the ab- 
original speech as the general means of intercourse, but also from the 
terms of amity on which these tribes of diverse origin, native and intru- 
sive, Tvere found by the English to be living together. 

♦ See the note on page 303 of Dr Brinton's volume, 2cl edition, 
t History of Virgiuia (1st ediUon), p. 16L 
f t Ibid,^ p. 171. 



f 



1883.] 



13 



[Hale. 



That the Tutelo ton^e represents this "general language'' of -vrhich 
Beverley speaks — this aboriginal Latin of Virginia — cannot be doubted. 
It may, tlierefore be deemed a language of no small historical impor- 
tance. The fact tha!; this language, which was first obscurely heard t)f in 
Virginia two hundred years ago, has been brought to light in our day oq 
a far-off Reservation in Canada, and thcrejearned from the lips of the 
latest surviving member of this ancient community, must certainly be 
considered one of ihe most singular occurrences in the history of science. 
Apart from the mere historical interest of the language, its scientific 
value \n American ethnology entitles it to a careful study. As has been 
already said, a comparison of its gmmmar and vocabulary with those of 
the western Dakota tongues has led to the inference that the Tutelo 
language was the older form of this common speech. This conclusion 
was briefly set forth In some remarks which I had the honor of addressing 
to this Society at the meeting of December 19, 1879, and is recorded in 
the published minutes of the meeting. Some years afterwards, and after 
the earlier portion of this essay was written, I had the pleasure, at the 
raeetingof the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held 
in Mo^ntreal, in September, 1882, of learning from m^' friend,>the Rev. J. 
Owen Dorsey, of the Smithsonian Institution, who has resided for several 
years as a missionary among the western Dakotas, and has made careful 
researches into their languages and history, that they have a distinct tra- 
dition that their ancestors lormerh' dwelt east of the Mif;sissippi. In fact, 
the more southern Dakotas declare their tribes to be ofYrihootsof the Win- 
nebagoes, who till recently resided near the western shore of Lake Michi- 
gan. A comparison of their dialects, made with Mr. Dorsey's aid, fully 
sustains this assertion. Mere traditionary evidence, as is well known, 
•" cannot always be relied on; but when it corresponds with conclusions 
previously drawn from linguistic evidence, it has a weight which renders 
it a valuable confirmation. 

The portrait of old Nikonha, an accurate photograph, will serve to show, 
better than any description could do, the characteristics of race which dis- 
tinguished his people. The full oval outline of face, and the large features 
of almost European cast, were evidently not individual or family traits, 
as they reappear in the Tutelo half-breeds on the Reserve, who do not 
claim a near relationship to Nikonha. Those who are familiar with the 
Dakotan physiognomy will probably discover a resemblance of type be- 
tween this last representative of the Virginian Tutelosand their congeners, 
the Sioux and Mandans of the western plains. 

THE TUTELQ LANGUAGE. 

In the following outline of Tutelo grammar, it has been deemed advis- 
able to bring its forms into comparison with those of the western lan- 
guages of the same stock. For this purpose the Dakota and Hidatsa (or 
Minnetaree) languages were necessarily selected, being the only tongues 
. of this family of which ajoj complete account has yet been published. 



■'1 



M 



'rM 



Hale.] 



14 



[March 2, 



For the mforination respecting these 'languages I am indebted to the Da- 
kota Grammar and Dictionary of the Rev, S. R. Riggs (published in the 
Smithsonian Contiibntions to Kjiowledge) and the Hidatsa Grammar and 
Dictionary of Dr. Washington Matthews (published in Dr. Shea's Library 
of American Linguistics)^ both of them excellent works, of the highest 
scientific Talae. 

' The AlpJiabeL 

The alphabeUcal method which has been followed by me in writing this 
language, as well as the Iroquois dialects, is based on the well-known system 
proposed by the Hon. John Pickering, and generally followed by Ameri- 
can missionaries, whose experience has attested its value. The modifica- 
tions suggested for the Indian languages by Professor Whitney and Major 
Powell have been adopted, with a few exceptions, which are due chiefly 
to a desire to employ no characters that are not found in any well-fur- 
nished printing-office. 

The letters 5, d, A^ i^ I, m, ti, p, 9, «, tc, y, 2 are sounded as in English, 
the 9 having always its sharp sound.'as in mason. The vowels are sounded 
generally as in Italian or Gkrman, with some modifications expressed by 
diacritical marks, thus : 

Oy as \n father; in accented syllables written a. 

a« like the German a in JKoi^Ti. 

a, like a in mat. 

a, like a iafaU, 

e, like a mfaie ; in accented syllables i. 

e, like t in m^ 

«; like I in fnaehine ; in accented syllables i. 

i. like i in pin. 

o» as in note ; in accented syllables b, 

o, like the French o in Itonne. 

0, like o in noU 

tE, as in nle^ or like 00 in pool; in accented syllables u. 

V, like u in puU^ 

ii, like tf in dcU / in an accented syllable written t^. 

«, like the French u in dur. 

The diphthongs are, ai, like our long % in pine ; au^ like ou in loud ; AC, 
like aim boH; ivt, like u in pure. 

The consonants requiring special notice are : 

^ like sh in shine. 

g, always hard, as in go, get, gite. 

j, like t in atwre. 

n, like the Frraich nasal n In an^ bon^ un. 

q, like the German cA in Loch, or the Spanish j in joveru 



1883.] 



15 



[Hale. 



The sound of the English ch in cTiest is represented by i<;; the j and dg 
in judge by dj. 

The apostrophe (') indicates a slight hiatus in the pronounciation of a 
word, which is often, though not always, caused by the dropping of a con- 
sonantal sound. 

In general, the diacritical marks over the vowels are omitted, except in the 
accented syllable — that is, the syllable on which the stress of voice falls. 
It is understood that when a vowel (other than the u) has a mark of any 
kind over it, the syllable in which it occurs is the accented or emphatic 
syllable of the word. Experience shows that the variations in the sound 
of a vowel in unaccented syllables, within the limits represented by the 
foregoing alphabet, are rarely of sufficient importance to require to be 
noted in taking down a new language. The only exception is in the 
sound marked u, which occasionally has to be indicated in unaccented 
syllables, to distinguish it from the u, with which it has no similarity of 
sound. It is, in fact, more frequently a variation of the a than of any 
other vow-el sound. 

Occasionally the accented syllable is indicated by an acute accent over 
the vowel. Thismetliod is adopted principally when the vowel has a brief 
or obscure sound, as uK^wdSi, I alone, which is pronounced in a manner 
midway between muarnixiA misum. 



M 



Phonology. 

The Tutelo has the ordinary vowel sounds, but the distinction between 
e and i, and between o and u is not always clear. The word for '* mother" 
was at one time written Tiend, and at another ina; the word for "he 
steals" was heard as manbma and manuma. In general, however, the 
difference of these vowels was sufficiently apparent. The obscure sound 
of u (or in accented syllables u) was often heard, but when the word 
in which it occurred was more distinctly uttered, this sound was frequently 
developed into a clearer vowel. Thus huatbi, arm, became histo ; musfe, 
spring (the season), became Tiuiste ; amiii, white, became asdni\ or (losing 
the nasal sound) asdi, and so on. The use of the character u (or u) in this 
language could probably be dispensed with. 

The consonantal sounds which were heard were :p(oTb),t(ovd), k(oTg), 
h (and q), I, m\ n, s, w and y, and the nasal n. Neither/, v, nor r was heard, 
and ^ (^/i) only as a variant of 8. Harsh combinations of consonants were 
rare. The harshest was that of Uky as in wagutska, child, and this was not 
frequent* Words usually end in a vowel or a liquid. A double con- 

• In wagviika (Dakota, koqka)^ suntka^ younger t)rother (Dak., sunka) ; tqongo 
or tqunki, dog (Dak., eufUca) and many similar words, the t \a apparently an ad- 
scititlous sonnd, inserted by a mere trick of pronunciation. The Hidatsa carries 
this practice further, and constantly introduces the sound oft before the sharp 
#. The Tutelo iH^ foot, becomes iUi in Hidatsa ; «anf , cold, becomes Uinia^ Ac. 



'■km *»• 



Hale.] 



16 



[March 2, 



V 




sonant at the commenccmpnt of a vrord is rare. It. perhaps onlr occurs 
in the comblnitioa tr (f^/i) an I ia contractions, as fcsdri'cii, nine, for 
kasahkai. 

It is doubtful if the sonants 5, d and g occuf, except as variants of the 
surd consonants p, t and k ; yet in certain words sonants were pretty con- 
stantly used. Thus in the pronouns mlTijVotte, mine, yinjlioicc, ihine, 
irijitotre, hif^ the g was almost always sounded. 

The I and n were occasionally interchanged, as in 7a^t and vdni, three, 
leirl and netTi^ tongue. In general, however, the two elements seemed to 
be distinct. The aspirate was somewhat stronger than the English ,h, 
and frequently assumed the force of the German c7i or the Spanish j (rep- 
resented in our alphabet by q), Whether there were really two distinct 
sounds or nc^t, could not be positively ascertained. The same word was 
written at one time with h, and at another with q. 

The nasal n is properly a modification of ihe preceding vowel, and would 
have been more adequately rendered by a mark above or below the vowel 
itself; but it has seemed desirable to avoids the multiplication of such dia- 
critical marks. This nasal is not to be confounded with the sound of hg 
in ring, which isa distinct consonantaV element, and in the Polynesian 
dialects often commences a word. In the Tutelo this latter sound only 
occurs before a k or- hard «7, and is then represented by n. It is, in fact, 
in this position, merely the French nasal sound, i lifted by the palatal 
consonant. The nasal n is also modified by the labials b and jp, before 
whicli it assumes the sound of m, Tlitis the Tutelo word for day, naliamhi, 
or (in the construct form) nalampy is properly a modification of nalidiibi 
* or nahdnp. In all words in which it occurs, the nasal sound was at times 
v^ry faintly heard, and was occasionally so little audible that it was not 
norai, while at c ' er times an n was heard in its place. The word for knife 
was written at different times masenldin^ mami; that for sky, Toaidni, matoi, 
manidi, and m^n^toi; that for da3% naJidrahi, nahdmp, nahdrip, and nohdp ; 
that for winte %ae, tcdnerU, and icanel; that for one, nos and noTis, and 
so on. Whethc .his indistinctness of the naf^al sound belongs to the lan- 
guage, or was a peculiarity of the individuals from whom the speech was 
learned, could not be satisfactorily determined. 

The tendency of the language, as has been said, is to terminate every 
word with a vowel sound. When a monosyllable or dissyllable ends with 
a consonant, it is usually in a construct form, and is followed by another 
word grammatically related to it. Thus, hiaepi^ axe, hisep minjitowey my 
axe-; monti, a bear, mont nosd, one bear ; tr^bUjo (or tqbnki), dog, iqoak 
episd, good dog ; nahdmbC, day, nahdmp Idni, three days. 

The following brief comparative list, extracted from the more extensive 
vocabulary hereafter given, will show the forms which similar words take 
in the allied dialects, Tutelo, Dakota (or Sioux proper) and Hidatsa (or 
Minnetaree) : 



18S3.] 



17 



[Hale. 



Tntelo, 


Dakota. 


Hidatsa. 




ati 


ate 


ati 


. father 


Ind^ hend, Jteniih 


iaa 


hinu, hu, ikus 


mother 


tdgut<r]cai 


takoqku, it^ihkqi 


idiqi 


son 


suntka 


sunka 


tsfjrka 


younger brother 


th, ih% 


i 


i 


mouth 


ne!qi, netsi, letqi 


tqeji 


neji 


tongue 


m 


hi 


t, ua, hi 


tooth 


loti 


dote 


dotiy loti 


throat 


ul 


siha 


itsi 


foot 


wasut 


nmii 


teuata 


brain 


udyl, wayii ' 


we 


idi 


blood 


nfi 


tipi 


ati 


house 


maserii, masdl 


isari, mirlna 


maetsi 


knife 


ml 


m 


midi 


sun (or moon) 


nihdmjpiy^^ nihdnpi anpetu 


mape 


day 


maril 


mird 


mini 


water 


amdni, amdi 


makch 


am^ 


land 


^ tcunki, tqongo 


t^unkj, 


m^quka 


dog 


tcdneni, irdnei 


want ^ 


mana 


winter 


tani 


ptan 


mata. 


autumn 


asdni, asdiy asei 


san 


aiukiy ohuki 


white 


asepi 


'^'7.pa 


qipi 


black 


m, wdsi 


zi 


tsiy tsidi 


yellow 


ie 


ta 


te 


dead 


sani 


8711 


tsinia 


cold 


nosdif nonr^ 


toantqa, want^i 


nuets, luetsa 


one 


Twmbdl 


nonpa 


nopa 


two 


ndni, Idni 


yamni 


ddmiy lawi 


^ Iiree 


iopai 


topa 


topa' 


four 


kisdhai 


zaptan 


kihit 


fiVv**^ 


akdspe 


qakpe 


akama, akawa 


f 


mgomink 


qakowin 


$apua 


L. en 


luta 


yuta, wota 


dtiti 


to eat 


howa 


u, uwa 


All 


to come 


kitci 


wafrj 


kidiqi 


to dance 


mahananka 


yanka, nanka 


naka 


to sit, remain 


ktiwa, kitesel 


kte 


kitahe 


to kill 



'iif'" '' 



It must be borne in mind that the sounds of m, h, and w are inter- 
changeable in the Hidatsa, and that d, I, n, and r are also interchangeable. 
A similar confusion or interchange of these elements is to some extent ap- 
parent in the Dakota and the Tutelo languages. Taking this fact into 
consideration* the similarity or rather identity of such words as mi in Ta- 
telo and m in Daketa, meaning "sun," and loti in Tutelo, dote in Dakota, 
and dote or lote in Hidatsa, meaning '* brain, " becomes apparent. 

PBOa AMEB. PHILOS. SOC. XXI. 114. C. FBI21TBD 3CABCH 31, 188& 









Hale.] 



18 



[March 2, 



;/t ' The nasal sounds, which are so common in the Dakota and the Tutelo, 
■ ff( are wanting in the Hidatsa, while the s of the two former languages fre- 
quently becomes ts in Hidatsa. T^ese dialectical peculiarities explain the 
difference between the words for younger brother, suntka, Tu., suhkn, Da., 
> tewte, HL, between isi, foot, Tu., and ttsi. Hi., between masehl, knife, 
\, Tu., and maetsi, Hi. It will be noticed that the words in Tutelo are fre- 
Vl^quently longer and fuller in sound than the corresponding words in the 
^:clother languages, as though they were nearer the original forms from 
:^^ "which the words in the various Dakota tongues were derived. 



\'A, 



m 



Grammatical Forms. 



y 1 As is usually the case with allied tongues, the grammatical resemblances 
hdtihe languages of this stock are much more striking and instructive than 
^l^lbse which appear in the mere comparison of isolated words. 

;> ; Substantives and Adjectives, 

Th6 Tutelo, like the Dakota and the Hidatsa, has no inflection of the 
substantive to indicate the plural number; but in both the Tutelo and the 
Dakota, the plural of adjectives is frequently expressed by what may be 
termed- a natural inflection, namely, by a reduplication. In the Dakota, 
according to Mr. Riggs, the initial syllable is sometimes reduplicated, as 
ik^pa, wise, pi. ksakmipa; tanka, great, pi. tanktdh'ca; sometimes it is the 
last syllable, as wat^te, good, pi. waqtSqte; and occasionally it is a middle 
syllable, as, tanWiafah, great, pi. iankin^in»/an. 

Sometimes the adjective in Dakota takes the suffix pij which makes the 
plural form of the verb, as wa<;te, good wUqista waq'epi, good men, i. e, , 
they are good men. 

Similar forms exist in the Tutelo. The adjective, or some part of it, is 
reduplicated in the plural, and at the same time a verbal suffix is fre- 
quently if not always added, thus ; all api, good house, pi. ati apipisel, 
good houses (those are good houses) ; ati itdni, large house, pi. ati iUin- 
tdnsel; ati okay eke, bad house, pi. ati okayeye^tesel ; ati nsdn, white house, 
pi. aU asansdhsel. Occasionally the reduplication takes a peculiar form, 
as in cUi kuUka, small house, pi, ati kotskatskaisel. In one instance the 
plural differs totally from the suagular ; aiisui, long house, pi. ati yumpan- 
kaUkaisel. 

The plural verbal termination is frequently used without the reduplica- 
tion ; as, wahtake hi (orp»)> good man, waTUdke biwa ipr biee), he is a good 
man ; pi. wahtake hthia (or ^tA7^5^), they are good men. So t^onje bise, good 
dog (or, it is a good dog), pi. teonje bihlSse. 

The plural form by reduplication 4oes not appear to exist in the Hi- 
datsa. 

The Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, who has made a special study of the western 
Dakota langoages, finds in the Omaha (or Dhegiha) dialect a peculiar 
meaning given to this reduplicate plural of adjectives. The following ex- 



1883.1 



19 



[Hale. 



amples will illustrate this signification. ^Mga, small, becomes in the re- 
duplicate form jYn/mj/T, which refers to small objects of cliflFerent kinds or , 
sizes. 8ag%. firm, fast, hard, makes sdmgi or saglji, which is employed . 
as in the following example : ueJhUiidt sagljihnan kanbdha, I wish tools 
that are hard, and of different kinds, them only. Hei^e the suffix hrtdfi ex- 
presses the meaning of "only;" the reduplication of the adjective gives 
the sense expressed by the words **of different kinds.", Sdhe^ black, 
makes mmbe^ black here and there, Gdheje, spotted, becomes gdhejdja 
spotted in many places, Pi^j*, bad, makes plpioji, as in uqkan pipwji, 
different bad deeds. Nujinja (apparently a compound or derivative form, 
'from jmja, small), means **boy," i, e., small man; nujinjlnja, boys of 
difftfrent sizes and ages.* Jt would seem from these examples that in this 
language the reduplication expresses primarily the idea of variety, from 
which that of plurality in many cases follows. This meaning is not indi- 
cated by Mr. Riggs in his Dakota grammar, and it was not detected by 
me in the Tutelo, but it is not impossible that it actually exists in both 
languages. It is deserving of notice that while no inflection of the noun is 
found in the Iroquois to express plurality, this meaning is indicated in the 
adjective by the add|tion of «, or ?ions, affixed to the adjective when it is 
combined with the noun. Thus from kanomay house, and mi/o, hand- 
some, we have kononaiyOy handsome house, pi. kanormi/os, handsome 
houses. So karennaksen, bad song, pi. karennaksenSy'b&d songs ; kanaka- 
res, long pole, pi. kanakareshohs, long poles. 

It is also remarkable that the peculiar mode of forming the plural, both 
of substantives and of adjectives, by reduplication of the first syllable or 
portion of the word, is found in several Indian languages spoken west of 
the Rocky Mountains, and.belonging to families entirely distinct from one 
another, and from the Dakota. Thus in the Selish language we have 
liidaSy father, pi. Juludm; idaa, ear, pi. tuntdpM; akultamiqOy man, pi. 
skulkultamiqo ; qdesty good, pi. qiisqdetft In the Sahaptin, pltiTiy girl, pi. pi- 
pitin ; tdhSy good, pi. titdhs. In the Kizh language, woroit, man, pi. wororbt ; 
t<;mniy femall, pi. ti;lt<^lnni.f This has been termed, and certainly seems, a 
natural mode of forming the plural. It is therefore somewhat surprising 
to find it restricted in America to a comparatively small group of linguistic 
families. It is still more noteworthy that in the Polynesian dialects, which 
in their general characteristics differ so widely from the Indian languages, 
this same method of forming the plural is found, but confined, as in the 
Dakota tongues, to the adjective ; thus we have laau tele, large tree, pi. 
laau tetdCy large trees ; taata maitai, good man, pi. tiicUa viaitataiy good 
men; maJiakiy sick, pi. mahamahakiy sick (persons).} This is a subject 
in linguistic science which merits farther investigation, 

« I am indebted to Mr. Dorsey's letters for this and much other Information ol 
great in tert^t respecting the western langaagea ot tlie Dakota stock, forming 
part of his extensive work, whlca we may hope will soon he published. 

t Ethnography and Philology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition under Chas. 
Wilkes, pp. 53i» et seq. 

JJWd., p. sa. 






m 



::r In 



Hale.] 



20 



[March 2, 



Kumerals, 

The near resemblance of the first seTcn nmnerals in tbe Tutelo, Dakota, 
and Hldatsa is suffic^ntly shown in the vocabulary. The manner in which 
the compound numbers are fonncd is also similar in the three languages. 
In the Dakota ake, again, is prefixed to the simple numerals to form the 
numbers above ten, as akt ftanjidcn^ eleven ; ake nohpa^ twelve. In the 
Tutelo the same word (usually softened to age) is used, as agenosat, eleven ; 
agenonibaiy twelve. In the fiidatsa aqpi (or ahpi)^ signifying a part or 
division, is employed, as aqpi^utUa^ eleven; aqpi-dopa^ twelve. 

In Dakota, ^tciti/^nnna, ten, and nonpa, two, form ttiktq^mna nonpa, 
twenty. In Tutelo the form is the same; puti^ka nomba, tens-two. In 
Hldatsa it is similar, but the position of the words is reversed, twenty 
being dopa-pitOcc^ two tens. 

The ordinal numbers, after the first, are formed in all three languages 
by prefixing i or ^ to the cardinal numbers, as in Dakota, inonpa, second ; 
iydmniy third ; UopOy fourtli. ' In Hidatsa» idopa^ .second ; idani, third ; 
itopa, fourth. In Tutelo I rec^ved ^nombai, twice; eindni, thrice; einidpaz, 
four times. This rendering was given by the interpreter, but the true 
meaning was probably the same as in the Dakota and Hidatsa. The word for 
" first " is peculiar in all three languages; in Dakota, tokaheyay in Hldatsa, 
ttifika, in Tutelo, etdhnu 

In the Tutelo the numerals appear to have different forms; or x>erhaps, 
more accurately speaking, different terminations, according to the context 
in which they are used. The following are examples of these forms, the 
first or abridged form b^ng apparently used in ordinary counting, and 
the others when the numerals are employed in conjunction with other 
words. The various pronun<^Uions of my different informants — and some- 
times of the same informant at different times — are also shown in these ex- 
amples. 



Separate. 

1 nons, not 

2 nomp 



Comslruct. 
nosdi, nanaai 

nambai 



'Xalmpi 



3 lot, nan nani 

4 top iapdi 

5 kUh hUah kkahai 

6 agcts or olrds, 

dkd»p 

7 9dLg6m tagamii 

8 %.alan pala/d 

9 sd or«m» k$ank kiihiun 

10 puti;k, lutiie ptOMkai 

11 dgendsai 



Variations. 

{noiin, ntuen, nonsaiyTumsat 
nosdii, nosdht nonsah 
r numbdi, nomba, numba, 
J nanmbai, nonpa, nombdh, 
I nambaq 
Idni, Idnih, Jdniq 
tobn, topah 
kuahaSU 

^^aixape, dkdspei, ageapeq 

9agdmt, idgdmiq, sagomink 
paidniq 

ka$ankai,k9dkm 
bui^kai, ptUskdni, puUkdn 
agwotai, akinotai 



1S83,] 



21 



[Hale. 



Separate. 

12 ageiiarnba 

13 agelani 

14 agetoha 

15 agegtmi . 

16 agegdape 

17 agesagomi 

18 ag>paldni , 

19 agekemnka' 

20 putska nomba, ^ 

putrjca nomhai ) 

30 putska nam 

40 putska tohai 

100 wAr^ra ;25*a 

1000 t^wi putskai 



Construct Torms and Variations. 

aginomhai^ akinombai 

agildli, akildni 

akitdpa 

akikisdJiai 

akikaapei 

akisagomei 

akipalaU 

aldkasankai 

putska nombai 
putt^ka lani 

okeni 



0: 



The numeral follows the noun. which it qualifies. If the noun termi- 
nates in a vowel not accented, the vowel is usually dropped, while tha 
numeral assumes its constuctor or lengthened form, and is sometimes 
closed with a strong aspirate. Thus, from ??ii7/a/ij, woman, we have mihan 
nosd or mihan nonsdl^ one woman; miJ4iin norribaq^ two women ; mtA<zflt laniq, 
three women, &c. From t<^ongo or t^onki, dog, tconk nosdh, one dog ; 
icohk nomhaq^ two dogs. From Tuonti, bear, mont nosdh, one bear ; morU 
nomhali^ two bears. From nahamhi^ day, Tiahdmp nosaK one day, nahamp 
nombai, two days ; nahamp Idiiq, three days, &c. It will be seen that the 
dropping of the final vowel of the noun has the effect of giving a sharper 
sound to the preceding consonant. When the final vowel is accented, no 
change takes place in the noun ; thus afl, house; a(i rumsai, one house; afi 
nonbaiy two houses; ad laniq, three houses, &c. 

No such difference between the simple and the construct forms of the 
numerals appear^to exist either in the Dakota or in the Hidatsa. This is 
one evidence, among others', of the greater wealth of inflections which 
characterizes the Tutelo language. 

Pronouns, 



There are in the Tutelo, as in the Dakota, two classes of pronouns, the 
separate pronouns, and the affixed or incorporated pronouns. The former, 
however, are rarely used, except for the purpose of emphasis. In the 
Dakota the separate pronouns are miye or w?'^. I, niye, or nz'^, thou or ye, 
iye, or t^, he or they, and un^iye or un^y we. In the Tutelo, mini sig- 
nifies I or we, yim, thou or ye,^tw, he or they, which wa^ sometimes 
lengthened to imahise, A still more emphatic form is made with the ter-? 
mination sdi or sdni, giving the sense of "alone," or rather i)erhaps 



Hale.] 



22 



[March 2, 



"self," for wliicli meaniag the Dakota employs the separate pronouns 
already given, while the Hidalsa has a special form ; thus ; 



Tutelo. 
misai or mUdni 
yisai, or yesdni 
cmi, udl or isdhi 
maesdl or mae^sdni 



Hitlatsa. 
miqki 
niqki 
iqki 
midoki 



I myself (or I alone) 

thou 

he 

we 

The Tutelo appa- 



Hidatsa. 



ma 


I 


da (no) 


thou 




we 


mi 


me 


di ini) 


thee 


i 


him 




us 



Dakota. 
mtye (wiiV) 
Ttiye (n«^) 
iye (ir) 

unkiye {unkit;) 
Tlie Dakota unkiye is said to be properly a dual form, 
rently, like the Hidatsa, has no dual. 

The affixed or incorporated pronouns have in the Tutelo, as in the 
Dakota and Hidatsa, two forms, nominative and objective. These forms 
in the three languages are very similar : 

Tutelo. Dakota. 

Nominative, 
ma, tea v:a, we 

ya, ye ya, ye 

mae, inaiy wae, wax, man, mank, nn 

Objective, ? 
mi, tci ma^ mi 

yiy hi rd - 

«f, ei, i 

mae, mat, tcae, icai ^ vn 

The objective forms are also used in all these languages as possessive 
pronouns, and they are affixed as nominatives to neuler or adjective verbs, 
in the first and second persons. The third i)ersonal pronoun is not ex- 
pressed in the verb, at least in the singular number. In the plural the 
Tutelo indicates this pronoun by an inflection, both in the nominative and 
the objective. Thus Tiahewa, he says> liahehla, they say ; minewa, I see 
him, mihefda, I see them. 

The Hidatsa makes no distinction between the singular and the plural 
of the possessive pronouns. Mi signifies both my and our, di, they and 
your, and i, his and their. The Dakota distinguishes the plural by adding 
the particle pi to the noun. The Tutelo adds pui to the noun in the 
second person, and sometimes lei or kcd to the third. With nouns signify- 
ing relationship, the Dakota indicates the possessive pronoun of the third 
person by adding ku to the noun. The Tutelo sometimes adds ka or kai not 
only in this person, but in the first and tlurd persons, as shown in the fol- 
lowing example : * , 

Tutelo. 
suntka 
ijoisuntk 
yi»u/Uk 

ematka or esuntkai 
maisuntkai 
yisuntkapui 
einuntkai . 



.Dakota. 

miminka 

yisunka 

sunkaku 

unkMunkapi 

nisunkapi 

sunkapi 



younger bro' 


my 




thy 




his 




our 




your 




their 





•her 



1883.] 



23 



[Hale. 



head 




my head 


thy 


it 


his 


ti 


our 


heads 


your 


(( 


their 


ti 



In the Tatelo an e is -sometimes prefixed to the possessive pronouns, as 
in ati, house, which makes ' , 

etrdti my house em a at i our house 

epdU thy " eifhtipui ' your ** 

idti his **j (ati'Ui their ** 

In this case the final vowel of the pronouns Wand yi is elided hefore the 
initial a of the noun. So mminetoa, I see him, the vowel of the prefixed pro- 
noun ma, I, is elided before the vowel of the verb inewa, to see.* Some 
other euphonic changes of the possessive pronoun in the Tutelo are shown 
in the following example : . 

Dakota. Tutelo. 

^ pa pami, 

mapa mimpasui, 

nipa - yinpamU 

pa epuHuU 

vnpapi emankpasuii 

nipapi - eyinkpasupui 

pnpi epasul'lei 

In Tutelo, idt\ my father, is an anomalous form, used instead of mdt*, 
or emdt\ With the other affixes the word becomes yd^' (or itdtl), thy father, 
€dt\ his father (or their father), emadt\ our father, eydtpui, your father. . 
A good example of the use of the prefixed personal pronouns in the Tu- 
telo is shown in the word for son. There were slight difierences in the 
forms received from two of my informants, as here given : 

witeka uitekai my son 

'yiteka < yitekai thy son 

eteka etekai his son 

mankteka ^ emankiekai our. son 

yiiSkabUi yiiekahui ^ your son 

eteka etekahUi their son 

Minel^y my uncle (in Dakota midekql) is thus varied : TineJc\ ihy uncle 
(Dak. nidekt^i), einek\ his uncle (Dak. (Z€<;tYA:u), emainek, our uncle, einek- 
pui, your uncle, eineh' or etnek'-Ui, their uncle. * 

In the word for brother, mjiaambdi (or inkinumbdC), the possessive pro- 
nouns are inserted after the first syllable, and in this instance tliey are 
used in the nominative form : 

inwaginumbdl my brother maiinginumhaiK our brother 

injagnumbdi thy brother inyaginumbabuu your brother 

ingigiauTribdC his brother ingiginumbdly their brother 

The Dakota and Hidatsa have lengthened forms of the personal pro- 
nouns to indicate property in things, or "transferable possession.*' These 
are in the former, mita, my, nita, thy, and to, his, as mitc^onspe, my axe, 
nita-i^unke, thy dog- These pronouns are also used with koda, friend, and 
kitquna, comrade. In Hidatsa mata, dita (forTitto), and Udy are used in a 
similar manner. In the Tutelo the pronouns of this form occurred in a 



' K'\ 



ii^sf )- — ^' 













Hale.] 



24 



[March 2, 



few examples, but only -with certain words x>f personal connection or rela- 
tions, in which their use seems to resemble that of the Dakota pronouns 
-with the words meaning "comrade" and "friend." Thus we heard 
uitdmanki, my husband, yitdmanki, thy husband, etdinanki, her hus- 
band. So uciidmilun, my wife (i. e. my woman), yitdmihen, thy 
wife; and uitafjutc^ldi, my son, i. e. "my boy," from wagvfr- 
Idi, boy (evidently the same word as the Dakota ko(;ka, young 
man). In the latter example ttitaguf^kdl, apparently expresses a lower 
bond or sense of relationship than iriY^A-a/,— not **my child," but "my 
boy," or "my youth," who may leave me and go elsewhere at any time. 
In Tutelo the pronouns indicating property or "transferable pos- 
session" were commonly found in a sepanite and apparently compound 
form, following the noun, which was then sometimes (though not always) 
heard in the shortened or " construct " form. Thus with hii^epi, axe, we 
have : 



Iiiifep' migzfowi (or milltoici) my axe 
huep' yingitowi thy axe 
Jiisep* gitowi his axe 



liisep^ mnhgVowi 
Tiisep' irigVombui 
liisep' gitohnel 



our axe 
your axe 
their axe 



So sd$, bed, has sds mingltowi, my bed, sds yiagltawi, thy bed, sas gt- 
iowiy his bed. 
With tqongo^ dog, we find a different form : 



^ongo wahkimpi my dog 
tqoTigo yahkimpi thy dog 
tqongo eo7tkimpi his dog 



iqongo maokimpi (or mahkimpi) our dog 
tqongo yahkimfut your dog 

iqongo kimpena their dog 



The first of these forms, migltowi, &c., is evidently the sameMhat ap- 
pears in the Dakota mitawa, mine, icitawa, thine, tawa, his, unkitaim, ours. 
The Hidatsa has similar forms, matamae, ditamae, and ttamae, often pro- 
nounced matawae, nitawaey and itawae. Dr. Matthews regards them as 
compounds formed by prefixing the pronouns rnata, dita (niia) and ita to 
the noun mae (or wa-e) signifying personal property, which seems a very 
probable explanation. 

The form wahkimpi may be similarly explained. In Dakota klpd signi- 
lies, to keep for me, and kipi^ to hold or contain. The sense of property or 
possession is apparently implied, and tt^ongo wahkimpi in Tutelo probably 
means "the dog my property," or "the dog I have." 

The possessive pronouns are used by themselves in Tutelo in the follow- 
ing affirmative and negative forms : 



mimigVbwi (or mimigttowe, or mikitowi) 
yingttowi (yingttowey yinkltoici) 
tngltotci {ingltowe, inkttonn) 
maqgitowi (or mahgttowe, or mahkUowi) 
yingitombui (or ym'citombui) 
giUmnesel (or kitoni^sel) 



mine, or, it is naJne 
thine, or, it is thine 
his, or, it is bis 
ours, or, it is ours 
yours, or, it is yours 
theirs, or it is theirs 



1883.1 



25 



IHale. 



Jcimigitonan (kimikttonan) 

kinf/iglfonan 

kigitonan 

kinaqgiionan 

kinyigttomhdnan 

kigttoqnenan 



Negative Form, 



it is not mine 
it is not thine 
it is not his 
it is not ours 
it is not yours 
it is not theirs 



The proper form of the first personal affirmative is doubtless migitovA 
(or mikttowe). In mimigltowi the first syllable is evidently from the sepa- 
rate pronoun mlrriy I, used for emphasis. In the Dakota the fonns miye 
mitawa, me, mine, niye nitawa, thee, thine, *S:c., are used for the same pur-, 
pose! 

The negative form is not found in either the Dakota or the Hidatsa, and 
may be regarded as another instance of the greater wealth of inflections 
possessed by the Tutelo. 

The following are the interrogative demonstrative and indefinite pro- 
nouns in the Tutelo, so far as they were ascertained. The Dakota and 
Hidatsa are added for comparison : 

Tutelo. 
etoitdy or hetba 
dken, kaka 
etuk 
t ikenim 
tewakVunwd 

7) eke, or Tie ikin ; Tieik i de 
yakdn ; lievoa ; end 
oliofi, or oho 



Dakota. 


Hidatsa, 




tuwe 


tape 


. who? 


taku 


tapa 


what ? 


tukte 


to ; tua 


which ? 


torui; tonaka 


tuami 


how many ? 


tuwetawa 


tapeitam/ie 


whose ''^b-in ? 


de 


Mdi ; kini 


this X 


he; ka 


hido ; hino 


that 


Ota 


ahu 


many 



liok'^ hukf okahok 



owasin ; iyuqpa etsa; qakaheta all 



The general resemblance of most of these forms is apparent. In the Tu- 
telo for "whose?" which might have been written teiragVuTiica, we see 
the afiix of the possessive pronoun (gl(owe) inflectedto make an interroga- 
tive form. The Dakota and Hidatsa use the affix (tawa and tamae) with- 
out the inflection. 

TJie Verb, 

There are two very striking peculiarities in which the Dakota and Hidatsa 
dialects difier from most, if not all, Indian languages of other stocks. 
These are: firstly, the manner in which the personal pronoun is incorpo- 
rated with the verb; and, secondly, the extreme paucity or almost total 
absence of inflections of mood and tense. In the first of these peculiarities 
the Tutelo resembles its western congeners ; in the second it differs from 
them in a marked degree — more widely even than the Latin- verb differs 
from the English. These two characteristics require to be separately noted. 

In most Indian languages the personal pronouns, both of the subject 
and of the object, are in some measure either united with the verb otin- 

PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXI. 114. D. PRINTED MARCH 31, 1883. 



/ 



Hale.] 



26 



[March 2,. 



ISS^ 



dicated by an inflection. The peculiarity which distinguishes the hmguages 
of the Dakotan stock is found in the variable position of these incorporated 
pronouns. They may be placed at the beginning, at the end, or between 
any two syllables of the verb. The position of the pronoun is not, how- 
ever, arbitrary and dependent on the pleasure of the speaker. It appears 
to be fixed for each verb, according to certain rules. These rules, how- 
ever, seem not yet to have been fully determined, and thus it happens that 
a Dakota dictionary must give the place of the pronoun in every verb, 
precisely as a Latin dictionary must give the perfect tense of every verb 
of the third conjugation. Thus, for example, in the Dakota proper, hrrWi, 
to bind (or rather "he binds"), makes waAr/iqto, I bind, y^kal-r^i, thou 
bindest; manon, he steals, makes wawa/iOTi, I steal, tti/z} a.'io?i, thou stealest ; 
and etqih, he thinks, makes efr^dnjau I think, €t(;mini, thou thinkest, the suf- 
fixed pronouns receiving a peculiar form. In the Hidatsa, kiderj, he loves, 
makes nvjikiderj, I love, dakider^i, thou lovest ; eke^ he knows, becomes 
emake, I' know, and ed&ke, thou knowest ; and kitsaUke, he makes good, 
becomes kit$ahikcvci% I make good, and kitsaJdkeds,, thou makest good. Tlie 
Tutelo has the pronouns sometimes prefixed, and sometimes inserted ; no 
instances have been found in whteh they are suffixed, but it is by no 
means improbable that such cases may occur, as verbs of this class are not 
common in either of the former languages, and our examples of conjugated 
verbs in Tutelo are not very numerous. Among them are the following : 

1. Verbs with prefixed pronouns: 

lakpescy he drinks 
ysilakpese, thou drinkest 
vr2Llakpese-I drink 
Jiiantkapeica^ he sleeps 
j^hmntkapewa, thou sleepest 
' Vi^hiantkapeucay I sleep 

ievou, he is dead 
yitewa, thou art dead 
v^iteijca, I am dead 

2. The verbs in which the pronouns are inserted seem to be the most 
numerous class. The following are examples: 

Itahewa, he says 
hay lite voa^ thou say est 
^JiavfdJieway I say 

maltanafika, he sits down 

maJuiyindnka, thou sittest down 

maTiamindnkay I sit down 

inkseha, he laughs 

inyvikaeha, thou laughest 

inwsJcseha, I laugh 

ohdta, he sees 

oydJiaia, thou seest / 

(?wa7<d'a, I see 



Th 



I 

is u 
(lo\ 
we 
ma 
hat 

r 

she 

ma: 
ma: 
fort 
serf 
per 
mir 

by 

ma- 
ofi 
so i 

T 

bee 

mc 

cor 

Tb( 

the 

tha 

or, 

mos 

gui: 

voc 

ern 

cat€ 

pro 

anc" 

amc 

anc 

T 
the 
anc 
dis 



1SS3.) 



27 



[Hcale. 



The pronouns may be thus inserted in a noun, used with a verbal sense. 
Thns^wahtdxa oficahiakai, man or Indian, maybe conjugated: 

waJdah'aiy be is an Indian 
ucayihtFikai, tbou art an Indian 
icamihtdkai, I am an Indian 

It is remarkable, however, that the pronoun of the first person plural 
is usually (though not always) prefixed. Thus from mahartmU-a, he sits 
down, we have (as above) ma/taminonl-ay I sit down, and mSi^Vimahartd/ika, 
we sit down. So, mainkseha (or sometimes ^yiiinkseha), we laugh, and 
maoliata, we see. On the other hand, we find Jiamankhcwa, we say, from 
ha/iewa, he says, making (as above) hassraJiezca. I say. 

The word manon, he steals, has in Dakota tlie pronouns inserted, as is 
shown in the examples previously given. The similar word in Tutelo, 
manoma or manuma, has them prefixed, as Yxmanbma, thoju stealest, ma- 
mnnbmay I steal. But on one occasion this word was given in a different 
form, as manunddm, he steals; and in this example the pronouns were in- 
serted, the form of the fii^st personal pronoun, and of (he verb itself in that 
person, being at the same time varied, as maymunddnl, thou stealest, ma- 
minundame, I steal. In Dakota the place of the pronoun is similarly varied 
by a change in the form of the verb. Thus bak^d, to cut oflf with. a knife, 
makes ba-waksa, I cut off (with the pronoun inserted), while kaksd, to cut 
oS with an axe, makes v^'dihdkm, I cut off (^with the pronoun prefixed), and 
so in other like instances. 

The other peculiarity of the Dakota and Hidatsa languages, which has 
been referred to, viz., the paucity, or rather absence, of all changes of 
mood and tense which can pro])erly be called inflections, is in striking 
contrast with the abundance of these changes which mark the Tutelo verb. 
The difference is important, especially as indicating that the Tutelo is 
the older form of speech. It is an established law in the science of linguistics 
that, in any family of languages, those which are of the oldest formation, ' 
or, in other words, which approach nearest to the mother speech, are the 
most highly inflected. The derivative or more recent tongues are distin- 
guished by the comparative fewness of the grammatical changes in the 
vocables. The difference in this respect between the Tutelo and the west- 
ern branches of this stock is so great that they seem to belong to different 
categories or genera in the classification of languages. The Tutelo may 
properly be styled an inflected language, while the Dakota, the Hidatsa, 
and apparently ^11 the other western dialects of the stock, must be classed 
among agglutinated languages, the variations of person, number, mood 
and tense being denoted by aflSxed or inserted particles. 

Thus in the Hidatsa there is no difference, in the present tense, between 
the singular ind the plural of a verb. JTw/^^t* signifies both *' he loves" 
and "they love ;** maktde^i, **1 love," and "we love." In the future a 
distinction is made IxL the first and second persons. Dakidecidi signifies 



tit':. 



. '■^* 



Hale.] 



28 



[March 2. 



ISS 



"thou wilt love," of vhicb dahidecidiJia is the plural, "ye will love." In 
this language there is no mark of any kind, even by affixed particles, to 
distinguish the present tense from the past, nor even, in the third person, 
to distinguish the future from the other tenses, ^wf^rj signifies he loves, lie 
loved, and he will love. The Dakota is a little better furnished in this 
way. The plural is distinguished from the singular by the addition of the 
ixirticle pi, and in the first person by prefixing the pronoun vn, they, in 
lieu of ita or ire, I. Thus l^a^la, he binds, becomes ^v7<j^Y/pi, tliey bind. 
Wnknt^la, I bind, becomes unA^z^Avipi, we bind. No distinction is made 
between the present and the past tense. Ka<^ld is both he binds and lie 
bound. The particle kta, which is, not printed and apparently not pro- 
nounced as an aflSx, indicates the future. It sometimes produces a slight 
euphonic change in the final vowel of the verb. Thus kaq.ke Ma, he will 
bind, AvT^A-dpi Ma. they will bind. All other distinctions of number and 
tease are indicated in these two languages by adverbs, or by the general 
context of the sentence. 

In lieu of these scant and imperfect modes of expression, the Tiitelo 
gives us a surprising wealth of verbal forms, Tlie distinction of singular 
and plural is clearly shown in all the persons, thus: 



opeic^iy he goes 
oyapewa, thou goest 
ortapeicOy I go 



opeliehla, they go 
oyapepuaj ye go 
maopeica, we go 



Of tenses there are many forms. The termination in ewa appears to be 
of an aorist, or rather of an indefinite sense. Opewa (from opa, to go) may 
signify both he goes and he went. A distinctive present is indicated hy 
the termination dma ; a distinctive past by oka; and a future by ta or efa. 
Thus from lie, to kill, we have uaktewa, I kill him, or killed him, irak- 
Udirm\ I am killing him, and wakteta, I will kill him. So olafa, he sees 
it, h^com^^ohntioka^ he saw it formerly, and ohateta, he will see it. 0[.hra, 
he goes (or went), h^comes opeta, he will go, inflected as follows : 



opeta, he will go 
oyapetOy thou wilt go 
oicapeta, I will go 



opekelila, they will go 
or/apetepa, ye will go. 
maopeta, we will go 



' TTie inflections for person and number in the distinctively present tense, 
ending in oni% are shown in the following example : 



xcagindma^ he is sick 
tMt^iHjinomc^ thou art sick 
wamegindma, I am sick 

Ohdta^ be sees it, is thus varied 

ohata^ he sees it 
oyahata, tliou seest it 
« owahata^ I see it 



waginSnhna, they are sick 
waymjinompo, ye are sick 
manjwfiginoma, we are sick 



oTuitehla, they see it 
oyaTuUbua, ye see it 
maohata, we see it 



ter 



wa 
anc 

t 
k 



y 
k 

I 

the 
obi 
ope'. 
is a 
S 
ond 
int. 
My 



F 

whi 
fied 
give 
It 
dlan 



1S831 



29 



[Hale. 



ohatibka, he saw it 
oyalmtibka^ Ihou sawest it 
owaJiatioka, I saw it 

ohaieta^ he will see it 
oyaliateta, tliou wilt sec it 
otcaJiateta, I shall see it 



ohaiiokeJila, they saw it 
oyahaiiokeicay ye saw it 
maohatioka, we saw it 
ohaUWila, they will see it 
oyahatdhuay ye will see it 
maoJidteta, we shall see it 



The following examples will show the variations of person in the aorist 
tense : 



7ia7iewa, he says 
hayihewa, thou sayest 
hawalif.vca, I say 

kVmindeimy he is hungry 
yikVirdndewa, thou art hungry 
mikVinindeway I hungry 



haJiehla, they say 
hayihepua, ye say 
hamankhewa, we say 
lihnindese, they are hungry 
kihnindepua, ye are liungry 
maJtkihnindewa^ we are hungry. 



Wakonspewa, I remember it, an aorist form, becomes in the =. preterite 
wakonspeoka, and, in the future, wakonspeta. It is thus varied in the aorist 
and past tenses : 



wakonspeway I remember it 
yakonspeica, thou remembere&t it 
kikonspetca, he remembers it 



maktkonspeiray we remember it 
yakonspepua, ye remember it 
kikonspehela, they remember it 



toakon'ipedka, I remembered it Tnakikonspebka, we remembered it 

yakoUHpedka^lion rememberedst it yakonspepuyoka, ye remembered it 
kikonsp6okaJ\G. remembered it kikonspeleoka, they remem|>ered it 

In several instances verbs were heard only in the inflected forms. For 
the simple or root-form, which doubtless exists in the language, we are 
obliged to have recourse to the better known Dakota language. Thus 
opeway he went, and opetay he will go, indicate a root opa, he goes, which 
is actually found ui the Dakota. 

So fnanbma (which is probably a distinctively present tense), and man- 
ondaniy both meaning he steals, indicate a briefer root-form which we find 
in the Dakota 77*a;i{?n, having the same meaning. Manbma, which is proba- 
bly a contraction oiF manondmay is thus varied : 



manomay he steals 
yimanomay thou stealest 
rnamandma, I steal 



manonnese, they steal 
yimanompua, ye steal 
mankmanbmaf we steal 



From these examples it is evident that there are variations of inflection, 
which, if the language were better understood, flight probably be classi- 
fied in distinct conjugations. Other instances of these variations will be 
given hereafter. 

It is well known that in the Iroquois, Algonquin, Cherokee, and other In- 
dian languages, of different stocks, there are many forms of the verb, nega- 



'i .il 



^5' .. '! 



Hale.] 



30 



[March 2, 



tive, interrogative, desiderative, and the like, which are among the most 
notable characteristics of these languages, and add much to their power of 
expression. The Tutelo has several of these forms, but none of them arc 
found in the Dakota or Hidatsa, both of which express the meaning of 
these forms by adverbial phrases or other circumlocutions. The negative 
form in Tutelo is made (in a manner which reminds us of the French ne- 
pas) by prefixing k or ki to the affirmative and suffixing na. The tense ter- 
minations oma, owa, and ewa, become ona and eaa in this form : 



inkseha, he laughs 
inwakseMy I laugh 
tcamegindma, I am sick 
uakiewa, I killed him 
oicaklaka, I speak 
'vc^akteoma, I am killing him 
yahdwa, he is coming 



kinkse^inn, he does not laugh 
kihicahaehna, I do not laugh 
kiwameginona, I am not sick 
kiwakteaa, Jrdid not kill him 
kowakldkn^y I do not speak 
kiwakteoPiay lam not killing him 
kiahona, he is not coming 



jBTml-^eATwr, he is not laughing, is thus varied in the present tense ; 



kmhiShna, he is not laughing' 
kihyaksefinaf thou art not laughing 
kintcaksehna, I am not laughing 



kinksehanena, they are not laughing 
kinyah^ehpuna, ye are not laughing 
kimaenksehna, we are not laughing 



The interrogative form terminates in o, as ; 



yakte^jca^ thou ki)ledst him 
yakteoma, thou art killing him 
yateta, thou wilt kill him 
yatlwa, thou dwell^st 
ale tea, he is going 



yakteicOy didst thou kill him ? 
yakteonmo, art thou kiling him ? 
yakieto, wilt thou kill him? 
toka yatiwo, where dost thou dwell ? 
toka alcKOf where is he going? 



It is evident that this form is an inflection, pure and simple. It isa vo^^el 
change, and not in any manner aji agglutinated partide. It takes the place 
of that elevation of tone with which we conclude an interrogative sentence, 
and which, strange to say, is not heard am5ng the Dakotas. Mr. Riggs re- 
marks that "unlike the English, the voice falls at the close of all inter- 
rogative sentences. " 

The desiderative form appears to be expreeeed by the affixed particle hi 
or he, but the examples which were obtained happened to be all in the 
negative, thus : 



ofjoapewa, 1 go * 
opetese, he is going, oj^will go 
TiawUewa, I come 
toaktetoa, I kill him 



kowapebtna, I do not wish to go ' 
kopebemse, he does not wish to go 
kiwUebina, I do not wish to come 
kiwaktibina^ I do not wish to kill him 



The imperative mood is distinguished apparently by a sharp accent on 
the final syllable of the verb, which loses the sign of tense. Thus from the 
njo, to give (in Dakota and Hidatsa, ku), which appears in maingowa, I 



f 

I 
t 

T 
P 

c 

fc 

t' 

tL 

I 

tl 



t: 

sc 

a 

tl 

ot 

Ic 



18S3.] 



31 



[Hale. 



give to jou, we hare, in the imperative, masd mingo, give me at knife. 
kliese or kitesel, he kills him, gives kite tqonl'i, or tqonk' kite, kill the dog. 

In the western languages of the Dakota stock, certain particles prefixed 
to the verb play an important part in modifying the meaning. Thus in 
Dakota and Hidatsa the prefix jp^ signifies that the action is done with* the 
hand. From ksa. Dak., meaning separate, Ve have paksd, to break with the 
hand ; from qu, Hid., to spill, paqu, to pour out with the hand. The Da- 
kota nay Hidatsa ada (for ana) are prefixes showing that the actionals done 
with the foot. The Dakota ya, Hidatsa da (often pronounced ra or la) 
show that the act is done with the mouth. Ka (Dak.) and dak (Hid.) in- 
dicate an act done by a sudden, forcible impulse, &c. Attempts were made 
to ascertain whether similar prefixes were employed in the Tutelo speech. 
It was found that in many cases the latter had distinct words to express 
acts which in the western languages were indicated by these compound 
forms. Still," a suflScient number of examples were obtained to show that 
the use of modifying prefixes was not unknown to the language. Thus 
the root k^iaa, which evidently corresponds with the Dakota ksa, signifying 
separation, occurs in the following forms : 

nanikusisel he breaks it off with the foot 
latkusisely .he bites it off 
iikusisely he breaks it off* by pushing 
lakatkusisel, he cuts it off with an axe 

The Dakota na^ signifying action with the foot, is evidently found, with 
some modification, in the Tutelo nantkusisel above quoted, and also in nan- 
kokisek, to stamp with the foot, and in konaqlotisel, to scratch with the 
foot. So the cutting, pushing, or impulsive prefix, lak or laka, which ap- 
pears in lakatkusisel, is found also in lakatkusisel, he cuts open, lakaspeia, 
to cut off" in pieces, lakasdse, to chop, lakapleh, to sweep the floor. La, 
which in hitkusisel indicates action with the mouth, is found also in lak- 
pese, to dnnk^y«)ad perhaps in yilandha, to count or read, which has the 
correspondiyrg pipfix ya in the Dakota word ydfca, of like meaning 

The aflfixed or incorporated pronouns are used with transitive verbs to 
form what are called by the Spanish writers on Indian grammar transitions^ 
that is, to express tie passage of the action from the agent or subject to 
the object. This usage is governed by very simple rules. In the Dakota and 
Hidatsa the rule prevails, that when two affixed pronouns come together, 
the one being in the nominative case and the other in the objective, the 
objective always precedes the nominative, as in mayakor^'ca (Dak.) me- 
thou-bindest, dimakideci (Hid.) thee-I-love. In the Dakota the third per- 
sonal pronoun is in general not expressed ; kar^\d signifies both he binds, 
and he binds him, her, or it ; wakaqka is I bind, and I bind him, &c. In 
tie Hidatsa, this pronoun is not expressed in the nominative, but in the 
objective it is indicated by the pronoun i prefixed to the verb, as kidet^i, he 
loves ; ikideqi, he loves him, her or it. 

The Tutelo, as far as could be ascertained, follows the usage of the Dakota 






ti 



■I 



r 



Hale.] 



32 



[March : 



in regard to the third personal pronoun (which is not expressed) hut differs 
from hoth the other languages, at least in some instances, in the order of 
the pronouns. The nom'mative affix occasionally precedes the objective, 
as in MAYi/iewa, I-thee-see. Yet in kohinan^c^vzhheway me-iJhou-struckest 




The rule on 

g to the diffi- 

uble translation 

ter into Tutelo), 

of many of the 



(where the pronouns are inserted), this order is reverse 
which these variations depend was not ascertained, 
culties of an inquiry carried on through the medium of a < 
(from English into Cayuga or Onondaga, and from the 1^ 
it was not easy to gain> clear idea of the precise meanin* 
examples which were obtained. An Indian when asked to translate '*I 
love thee," or "thou lovest me,'/ unless he is an educated man, or per- 
fectly familiarjsith.4he4anguage in which he is addressed, is apt to become 
"perplexed^ and to reverse the meaning of the pronouns. The following 
examples, however^ will suffice to show that the system of transitions exists 
in the Tutelo, though they do not enable us to analyze and reconstruct it 
completely. Many other examples W^ obtained, but are omitted from 
a doubt of their correctness, ^ 

tMLktedma, I am killing him 

fjcaikteoTTia (for wayiktebma) I am killing thee 

mikteoma he is killing me 

yaktedma, thou art killing him 

kiteonsel, he is killing them 

ineica, he sees him (or he saw him) . 
minewa, I see him (qu. m'iniwa, for ma4uewa) 
mayinewa, I see thee v 
miineica, he sees me 
yiinewa, he sees thee 
miineJda, they see me 



\ 



yandosteka, he loves him 

yandomisieka, he loves me 

yandoyistekOy he loves thee 

yandatocLsieka, I love him 

yandoyastekay thou Jovest him 

yandoyisieka, he loves thee 

manktandosteka (qu. maikiandoyisteka)^ we love thee 

maihiandosiekanese, we love them 

tDaiyandosteka^ he loves us 

waiyandoyasieka, thou loved us 

yando9tekanese, he loves them (or they love him) 

yandomutekana, they love me 

kohinanhltoay he struck (or strikes) him 
kohinankyihtwa, he struck thee 
kohiTianmffiiwaf he struck me 



1883.3 



33 



[Hale. 



■ft' '>■.•'' ■ 



kohinanwaJiiiDa, I struck him 
kohinant/ahlwa, thou struckest him 
kohinanknjoiyahtuoa, thou struckest me 
kohinanmankihlvoa, we struck him 

gikoha (or Jdkbha), he calls to him 

uigikoJia, I call to him 

waitigikoha^ (for wayifigikoJia), I call to thee 

injikoJdse (for yirtgikohue), he calls to thee 

injikopolese, he calls to you * 

minjikoha, he calls to m3 

yigikoJiay thou callest to him 

ingikopua, they call to you 

giko/ianese, they call to ihem 

From the foregoing examples it is evident that the system of transitions 
in the Tutelo is as complete as in the Dakota and Ilidatsa. But there are 
apparently some peculiar euphonic changes, and some of the pronouns are 
indicated by terminal mflections, particularly in the second person plural 
and in the third pSerson singular and plural. 

In the Tutefe as in the Dakota ami Hidatsa, substantives and adjectives 
are readily conVemd into neuter verbs by the addition or insertion of the 
pronouns and the veH^l suffixes. It is in this manner ibat these languages^ 
like other Indian tonghes, are generally enabled to dispense with the use 
of the substantive verb.] Thus in the Dakota wiff^rtt^ta, man, by inserting 
the pronoun rna, I, becpmes wimat(;f<;tQ^^f^wit<^rimfif;tay I am a man, and^by 
inserting un (we) and adding the plural affix pi, becomes wiun'^rn^tapi, we 
are men. So also tDaqU, good, becomes mawaqte, I am good, ttnwaqtepi, we 
are good. 

In the Tutelo the word zoaTitdka, or wahtdkat, man, is inflected as follows : 

wamihtdkai. I am a man. 

wayilUdkai, thou art a man. 

wahfdkai^ he is a man. 

miwamilUdkai^ we are men. 

tnwafUdkai, ye are men. ^ 

iLukwafudkai, they are men. 

The last two forms appear not to be regular, and may have been given, 
by mistake. HukwaMaJcai probably means ** all are men." 
This verb may take the aorist form, as : 

wamihiakdwa, I am (or was) a man. 
loayUUiikduoa, thou art (or wast) a man. 
wahtakduoa, he is (or was) a man, &c. 

So the adjectiye It, good, becomes, with the aorist affix iwt, llwa, he is 
(or was) good ; yimUitjoa, thou art good ; mimliuaa, I am good. In the 

PROC. AltelL PHU-OS. 80C. XXI. 114. E. PnrNTED MAY 8, 1883. 



/ 



\:%^l 



i ■ 



t'i 






Hale.} 



34 



lMarch2, 



present tense we have disc^ he is good ; ebile<e, thej are good ; and in the 
preterit, ebikr^a^ lie was good. 

Adterbs. 

In many cases, as has Bfeen already shown, the English adverb is indi- 
cated in the Tulelo by a modification of the verb. The negative adverb, 
for example, is usually expressed in this manner, as inin^cselia, he is laugh- 
ing, kinksehna^ he is not laughing ; inijltowe, h is mine, kimigltonan, it is 
not mine. 

Sometimes the meaning which in English would be expressed by an 
adverb accompanying a verb, is expressed in Tutelo by two verbs. Thus 
we have iJidfia, she is sewing, apparently from a root ilt^ or yeho, to sew ; 
and kon^pewa yeho^ she is sewing well, i. €., she is careful in sewing (lit.; 
she thinks, or remembers, in sewing) ; kehxna yeJio, she is sewing badly, 
i t. e. she does not well in sewing (or is not good at sewing). Here kelnria is 
the negative form oTbiwa^ he (or she) is good. 

PrcposUiofis. 

Many phrases were obtained witha vicwof liscertainingthe prepositions 
of the Tutelo, but without success. Sometimes an expression which in 
English requires a preposition would in the Tutelo appear as a distinct 
word. Thus, while a^' signifies a house, tokai was given as equivalent to 
**in the house." It may perhaps simply mean "at home.*' Prairie is 
latdJikoit but owi» signifies "at the prairie," 

Other exanaples would seem to show that the prepositions in the Tutelo, 
as in the Hidatsa, and to a large extent in the Dakota; are incorporated 
with the verb. Tlius tahkai signifies "woods,*' and tdhkai agineu, he is in 
the woods. So «tii, hill, and *ut agine^, he is on the hill. The phrase 
"I am going to the house*' was rendered wffeta iatt, and the phrase "I 
am coming from the bouse," by tcakleta iad. The practice of combining 
the preposition with the verb is very common in the Indian languages, 
which merely carry to a greater extent a familiar usage of the Aryan speech. 
The expressions, to ascend or descend a hill, to circumnavigate a lake, to 
, overhang a fence, to undermine a wall, are examples of an idiom so pre- 
valent in the Indian tongue^ as to supersede not merely the cases of nouns, 
but to a large extent the separable prepositions. 

Coniunctions. 

In the Tutelo, conjunctions appear to be less frequently used than in 
3^nglish. An elliptical form of speech is employed, but with no loss oi* 
clearness. The phrase " when I came, he ^as asleep," is expressed briefly 
foihlok, hianka, 1 came, he was asleep. So, "I called the dog, but he did 
not come," becomes wagefdkiok t^ohk, kihuna, I called the dog, he came 
not. When it is considered necessary or proper, however, the conj unction 
is expressed, as latminetia, vuJm Mnika, I did not see him, but John saw 
' him. Here *'bat" is expressed by «u. 




1883.] 



35 



[Hale. 



Kigas signifies **and," or "also." WaJduniiha tubus nigds masin, I 
bought a hat and a knife. Owakldka wakidlca nigds vii/ien nomba lek, I 
met a man and two -women. 

Li, which expresses "if," appears to be combined with the verb, at least 

in promanciation ; thus: Lihlok, wageldgita, If he comes, I will tell him ; 

wi/iuta, Jan Uhiok, I will come if John comes. It is noticeable in the last 

-two examples that the accent or stress of voice in the word Wuok, if he 

comes, appears to vary with the position of the wotd in the sentence. 

.^ Syntax. 

The only points of interest which were ascertained in regard to the 
syntax of the language related to the position of words in a sentence. 

The adjective fallows the noun which it qualifies, as walitakeli, good 
man, aii asdn, white house. The rule applies to the numerals, as mihdJi 
Tion^a, one woman, ad nonbai, two houses. In this respect the Tutelo 
conforms to the rule which prevails in the Dakota and Hidatsi languages, 
as well as in the dialects of the Iroquois stock. In the Algonkin lan- 
guages, on the other hand, the adjective precedes the noun. 

The position of the verb appears to be a matter of indigerence. It 
sometimes precedes the noun expressing either the subject or the object, 
and soiiietimes follows it, the meaning being determined apparently, as in 
Latin, by the inflection. Thus **I see a man," is minewa waited j (I see 
him a man) ; and ** the man sees me " is miinetoa waiwdj (he sees me the 
man). Tr^onko minjo, give me a dog ; kitetqonki, kill the dog. In the last 
example the change fromtqonko to tr^onki is apparently not a grammatical 
inflection, but is merely euphonic. The verb in the imperative mood suffl- 
ciently shows the speaker's meaning, and the position of the noun is a 
matter of emphasis. **A dog give me," not a knife ; ** kill the dog," don't 
let him escape. 

A verb is placed after another verb ta which it bears the relation ex- 
pressed by our infinitive ; as mingiloqko wakteta, let me kill him (allow 
me, I will kill him), Wakonta opetay I will make him go (I cause him he* 
will go). 

The euphonic changes which words undergo in construction with other 
words are as marked in this language as they are in the proper Dakota 
tongue, and seem to be often of a simDar, if not identical, cliaracter in the 
two languages. Thus in Dakota the word qunka, dog, becomes qnnJce 
when a possessive pronoun. is prefixed. In the Tutelo a similar change 
takes place when the position of the noun is altered ; thus we have tq^mko 
mingd, give me a dog ; kite iqonki, kill the dog. The terminal vowel is 
frequently dropped, and the consonant preceding it undergoes a change ; 
thus in Dakota yuza, to hold, becomes ym in the phrase yus majin, to 
stand holding. In Tutelo naJidmbi (properly nahdnbi) or nalidbi, day, 
becomes naJidmp (or nalidp)^ in nahdmp Idli (or nahdp lali), three days. 
In- such instances the two words which are thus in construction are pro- 
nounced as though they formed a single word. 



\ 



\ 



.K'l 









.«ii = ','-i 







Hale.] 



36 



[March X 



VOCABULARY. 

Particular care was taken to obtain, as correctly asx>ossible, all the words 
comprised in the comparative vocabulary adopted by (Jallatin for his Syn- 
opsis of the Indian languages- 3Iany other words, expressive of the most 
common objects or actions, have been added. Th6 alphabetical arrange- 
ment is adopted for convenience of reference, in lieu of the different order 
which Gallatin preferred for the purposes of his work. The Dakota and 
Hidatsa words are derived from the dictionaries of Mr. Riggs and Dr. 
Matthews, with the necessary changes of orthography which are required 
for the direct comparison of the three languages. 

When several words are given in the Tutelo list, they are sometimes, as 
will be seen, mere variations of pronunciation or of grammatical fonn, and 
nometimes entirely distinct expressions. The Tutelo has no less than four 
words for "man," waTUdJca, waiyuwa (or waiicaq) yu'ik(tn, B,ndndna, which 
have doubtless different shades of meaning, though these were not ascer- 
tained. There are also two distinct words meaning "to see," inema, and 
olidta, and two for **go," opewaiiniXqaUi {or, ralher opa and la, answering 
to apa and ya in Dakota). A more complete knowledge of the language 
would doubtless afford the peans of discriminating between these appa- 
rently synonymous terms. 

The words marked n in/the vocabulary are those which were received 
from Nikonha hiinselfTT^he pronunciation of these words may be accepted 
as that of a Tutelo of the full blood, and as affording a test of the correct- 
ness of the others. 





' Tutelo. 


Dakota. 


Hidatsa. 


AUve 


ini, eni, inina 


ni ^ 


hiwakatsa 


AU 


huk, hdk, okalidk 


iyuqpa 


qukaheta; etsa 


And 


nigas 


kha: iQa; ufikafi; 








nakun 


^ iQa 


Arm " 


h:<j'o (n) histo 


isto 


ara 


ArrotD 


mafiksii; mankol(N] 


f wanhinkpe 


ita, maita 


Ashes 


alapdk 


ttfxqota 


midutsapi 


Aunt 


watemai; tomin 


tunwin 


i<;ami; ika 


Autumn 


tanyi, la'i 


ptanyetu 


mata 


Awake 


kiklese 


kikta 


itsi ; hidamitats 


Axe 


niscp (n), hisepi, 








his^p ^; 


onspe 


maiptsa 


Bad 


okayek (n) J^ayik, 








ukayik 


<;it<;a 


ida 


Bag 


maUksui 


ojuha 


IQi 


Baa 


tapi 


tapa 


m&otapi 


Berk (n) 


qapi ; yohiiik 


f-jShSk 


midaiQi ; qiipi (v) 


Bear 


monti (n) monti. 








mctj^di ' 


mato 


daqpitsi 


Beads 


watai 


totodaS 


akutohi 



1883.] 



37 



[Hale. 





Tutelo. 


Dakota. 


Hidatsa. 


Bmder 


yaop (n) raunaqka 


tQipa 


mirapa 


Beard 


ye hi ; istihioi 


putinhin (h:n. hair, 


, 






iQ'J, underlip) 


iki (hi, hair) 


Bed 


sasi 


owinja 


^duqilpi 


Beg 


oyandise 


da; kida 


kadi 


Bird 


mayink 


zitka ; wakinyan 


tsakaka 


Bird'sTiest 


mayefigi^qta, 


hoqpi 


ikiQi 


BUeog(So) 


latkusisel. 


yaksa 


adudatsa / 


Black 


asdpi, asiip to) 


sapa 


dpi / 


Blood 


wayi (N) y 


we 


idi J 


Blue 


asoti 


to; sota 


tohi 


JSody 


tesi ; yuqUki 


tan<ja£l ; (tefi^belly) iqo (titsi, thick* 




- 


d. 


stout) 


Boa (p>) 


hielia 


ohan ; ipiqya 


midue 


Bone 


waboi, wahui 


hu 


hidu 


Booh 


minagi 


wowapi 


. 


Boy 


wakasik (n); guts- 








kai ; waitiwa 


hokQ'daii ; ko<;k& 


makadistamatse 


Bow in) 


inosik, iposek (n) 


itazipa; tinazipe 


itanuqa ; minuqa 


Brain 


was5ti, wasut 


nasu 


tsuuta 


Bread 


wagesakwai, wak 








sakpai * 


aguyapi 


madahapi 


Break {fo)mth • 






foot 


lakatkusisel 


naksa 


anaqoqi 


Brother 


niwagenumpai (n) , 






inginuinbai 


tcifiye 


iaka ; itan u ; itame- 


Brother, eU^/sr 




tsa 


(my) 


witaiisk ; wital ; wa- 




^ 


hiik 


tcinye ; timdo 


itametsa; iaka 


Brother, 








younger imy) wisuiitfc, minon 


misunka 


matsuka 


Buffzlo 


lap; mampafidahka 


I tatanka ; pte 


kedapi ; mite 


Bum (v. a.) 


inausinga 


ghu ; aghu 


a&aqa 


Bury 


suQtese' 


ga; huaka 




But 


mi 


tuka 




Buy 


kilomiha; waglu 


"r 


. 




mililnta . 


opeton 


maihu 


CaUiv.^a.) 


kik5ba; gelaki 


kitQD 


kikuha (invite) 
midaluetsa^ mina- 


Canoe 


minkolhapi, men 


-. 




kolahapi 


wata ; canwata 








luetsa 


Cat 


pus (n) (i. e, puss) 
/ 


inmuQunka (dog- 
panther) 




Cau9e{v) 


kcnita 


etQonkiya 





I-- 



t \ 



Hale.] 



38 



[March 2, 





Tutelo. 


Dakota. 


Hidatsa. 


Cheek 


ukst^h 


tapon, iyoqa 




CJierry 


yosankrota 


tcafipa, kakanpidan matsu 


CJiUd 


wakasik; wagots- 








kai(see877ia?0 


hokQiyopa 


daka; makidiQta 


Chop (tJ) 


lakasase 


kaksa 


naktsuki 


Churn (c) 


mampamasawohoka botQO 




Claw 


oluskese 


tsake 


tsakaka itsi 


Cloud 


maqosi (N) 


maqpiya 




Club 


yelieii 


tQafi otoza 


midakaza titsi 


Cold 


sani 


sni 


tsinie 


Come 


yahua/howa, hi 


uwa 


bu 


Copper 


penihei 


maza 


netsabiQiQi 


Count (tj) 


yilanaha 


yawa 




Cranberry 


liolinunk 


polkaSka, potpanks 


L 


Crane 


kainsiakai 


pehan 


opitsa 


Crow (n) ' 


kalii 


unt<;'<jit(;adan 


pedetska . 


Cry it) 


qaqise 


tcjeya 


imia 


Cut (r) witli 


\ 






knife 


lakatkdsa 


baksa 


naktsuki 


Dance (t?) 


wagitcji (n), ketqi 


wat<ji 


kidicji 


Darkness 


usThaa, obsiha 


okpaza (ban, nighV) 


oktsi; tatsi 


Daughter (my) 'wiiekeL (n), wi- 








ohaSke, miohank 


: mitcunkQi 


maka 


Day 


nahambe, naliamp, 








nahanpe 


a3|>etu, anp6 


iMpe 


Dead 


te, teka 


ta 


jfe 


Deer- 


witai 


taqintga 


iQitatuki 


Devil {evil 






I 


spirit) 


mampa isi 


wakanQitga 


\ ' X 


Die 


te (n), teolaha 


ta 


t* 


Dog 


^tQofig (n) tcjongo 


► 


\ 




t(jonki, tQofik 


Qunka 


manuka 


Drink (c) 


lakpe, lapeta 


yatkan 


bi ; Vinbi 


Duck 


iQtai (n), heistaS 
maneasei (see 


U 






Ooose) 


magbaksitQa ; skiska mio(6-ka 


JSdir 


. naqoq (n), nahuh 


-nogbe ; nakpa ^ 


'""^uqi 


Earth 


amani, amai 


maka ^^.^^''^'^ 


ama 


Bsft 


luti 


yuta y/^ 


duti (nuti) 


Sgg 


mayink po3 (see 


^/ 






Bird) 


.^ji^a 


tsakakadaki 


Mght 


palin (N) palan: 


i, ^ . 






X>alali 


Qadogban 


nopapi 



1883.] 



39 



[Hale. 





Tutelo. 


Dakota. 


Hidatsa. 


Eighteen, 


agepalali, akipalani 


ake (jadoghaS 


aqpidopapi 


Elecen 


agenosai, akinosai 


ake wanjidafL 


aqpiduetsa 


Evening 


osihitewa (see Dark- 








ness, ^iglity 


qayetu 


oktsiade 


Eye 


tasui, tasuye (n) 








(mentasiii, my e.) 


i<}ta 


iQta 


Face 


taluk na ; tarubna 








(inentdl6ken,myf.)ite ; itohnake 


ite 


Faih&r 


eati; tat (n); yat (n) 


ate 


^te ; tatiQ 


Fifteen 


agegmi, akekisai 


ake-zaptan) 


aqpikiqu 


Finger . 


hak (see Hand) 


nape 


(jakiadutsamibe 


Finger-nails 


tsutfaki, tQUtqag 


(jake 


(^kiiQpu 


Fire 


pi:Q (N) peti, petij 


peta 




Fieh 


wihoi (n) 


hoghaii 


mua 


Five 


kasa (N)kise, kisan, 








khahi. kisahani 


zaptan 


kiqu 


Flesh 


-wayuqt^ki, wayuq- 








• tik. 


tQeqpi ; t<;onit<ja 


iduk(jiti 


Fog 


manotiliua 


opo 


pue 


Food 


waluti 


voyute 


maduti 


Foot 


i<;i (N) isi 


siha 


itsi 


Forehead 


tikoi ; pania minte 


ite 


iqi 


Forest 


lahkai 


t<;ontaSka 




Four 


t5p (k), tdpa, topai, 








toba 


topa 


topa 


Fourteen 


agetoba, akitopa 


ake-topa 


aqpitopa 


Fox 


tohkai 


(jungidan 


iqoka 


Friend 


witahe, witaqa 


koda ; kit<;uwa 


-idakoe ; iko'pa 



Ghost 
Oirl 



Go 

God 

Good 

Goose 



wanuntQi wanagbi 

\i*agat<}(N) wakasik; 

komqafi (n) witcjinyaSna, 



nokidaqi 



opewa ; qala ; la ya ; opa 
elSgyen, elnga wakaiitanku 

ebi (n), bi, pi, ipi, 
biwa wa<5te ; pi (obsolete) tsuki 



makadi<jtamia ; 

miakaza 
nakon ; ne ; kaua 
daqi, naqi (spmt) 



maneasan 



magha 

Grandfather ekuni, higun tunkanqldan 

Grandmother higun - kunsitku ; untQi 

Grass > sunktaki (n), muk- 

tagi; otdi peji 

Great it&ni (K), it an tanka 

Green oto (n), otolakoi to 



mma 

adutaka 

ikn 







Hale.] 


•XV 


[March 2, 




Tutelo. Dakota. 


Hidatsa. 


Oun 


minkte (n) mazakan 




Han 


noq wasu 


ma'kuqpitftTni 


Hair 


nal6nwe(N), nant6i, 






nat6i natii; bin 


ana ; hi 



Hand 

Handsome 

Have 

Hat 

Hatehet 

He 

Head 

Heart 

Here 

Htm 

Himself 

House 

How many 

Hundred 

Hunger (t?) 

Husband 



hag (N), haki, ak nape (Qake, claw, 

finger-nail) Qaki 

pire (n), ipl, ipikam - 

(see good) owanyag ^aste 

tabontaneki tin-ma cjlinlQa ituki 

lubus ; kotub63 (n) wapaha apoka 

(see axe) 

im, i i<;, iye i, ^e 

pasuye (n), pasui pa atu 

yanti (n), yanti; lapi tcante (tapi, liver) na'ta (apiQa,liver) 



nei 

e, ei, i 
esal, i£&ni 
at! (N) 

tokenun 

* 

ukeDi, okeni 
kibnindewa 

manki 

ma, mi, mim 



IdUmeorlmy- 

self 
Ice 

Indian ' 
Iron 

Island 



^en, detu 
iye, iQ 
iye, iQ 
tipi 

tona, tonaka 
opawingbe 
wotektehda (bun- 

gry) 

bihna 
m:Q, miye 



I 

iqki 

ati 

tuami, tuaka 

pitikiqtia - 

aniiti (hungry) 
kida, kina 

ma, mi 



misanl, misai miye, mi<j, mi<jnana miqki, mitsaki 

nonbi; mingiratgah tQ\gha manuqi 



li 

wahtakai (man) 

maas, mas, ma- 
si :iorak 

histek, stek, stes- 
teki 



kinhan 
ikt<jewit(jasta 

mazasapa 

wita 



amakanoqpaka 
uetsa 



KetOe 


yesifik 


t<jegha 


Em 


kite (N), kte, kitese 


kte, kata 


Knife 


maseni, masei, \na- 


, 




sai (K) masa 


isan 


Lake 


(see Sea) 




Larid 


(see Earth) 




Laugh 


inkseba, inkqe (n) 


iqa 


Uaf 


otoi, otoq (n) 


ape; wapa 



miduqa 
ta, kitabe 

maetsi 



ka' 
midapa 



1 

Ug 
I/mg 

Maize 

Make 
Man 



Ma/rry 

Me 

Meet 

Mine 

Moan 

Morning 



41 

Tatelo. Dakota, 

yeksa (n), ieksa, 

yekgal; mini {my 

leg) idiki or iniki 

yapdske (n) sui; 

yumpankatska hanska 



[Halo. 



yandowasteka 


waQtedaka 


mandaqei, mataqe 




(N) 


wamnabeza 


aoma, aon 


un 


walitabka, waiyua 




(k), waiyuwa. 




waiwaq; yuhkafi. 




nona 


witQaQta 


obon, oboteha 


Ota 


mi, wi 


ma, mi 


oaki 


akipa 


migitowe 


mitawa 



minosa' (n), mi- 

mabei (see Sun) hanyetu-wi 
kanabampuai, kana- 

babnen {see Day) banhanna 



HidatsfL 



hatski; (tsua, nor- 

row) 
kidg<;I 



kohati 
he, liini 



matse, itaka, ^i- 

kaka 
aba 
mi 
uzia 
matawae 

makumidi 

ata 



Mother 


ica (k). hena,benuiL ina 


hidu 


Mountain 


Quqe, subi; obeki qe; paba 


amaqami 


Mouth 


ibi, ib (n) i. 


i 


Myself 


(see ''I alone'*) 




Near 


inktei, askai kiyedan 


ataa 


Neck 


tasei, mintasei (my 






n.) tabu ; dote 


ampa 


Night 


nsi, osi han ; hanyetu 


oktsi 


Nine 


tgaen or tga (n), sa. 






£an, ksank; ksa- 


* 




kai, kasankai naptcjinwanka 


nuctsapi 


Mneteen 


agekisanka unma-napt<jinwanka agpi-nuetsapi 


No 


yahan, ibao hiya 


desa; nesa 


None 


paqte, paqti poghe 


apa 


Oak 


taskabdl, taskabiii 






(K) 


midakamiqka 


Old 


hoakai, bdhka kan 


qe, qie 


One 


nofig (k), nons, 






nosai, noSsa wanji, sanni 


nuetsa 



FBOC. AMKR. PHIL08. 80C. XXI. 114. P. PBIKTBD MAT 8, 1888. 



Hate.] 



42 



[Marches, 





Tutelo. Dakota. 


Hidatsa. 


Oun 


maqgitowe unkitawa 


matawae ' 


0ar$dte9 


maesai, maesani 


midolii 


Partridge 


vvustetkai zit<;a 




Pigeon 


mayotkai, wayotkai wakiyedan 




Pint^ree 


wasti, waste (x) wazi 


matsi 


Pipe 


yehlnstik (n), ihir- 
tik, ihenstek (qu, 
** mouth-stone'') t<;otanka;; t<jafidu- 






hupa 


ikipi 


Flnmd(p) 


pahe apa 


pa 


Prairie 


latahkoi tinta 


amaadatsa, teduU 


Bain 


qaw5i (n), qawoqa, 






h^woha, qaw5 magbaju 


qade 


Btupberry 


hasisiai takafihetqa 




Bed 


atsuti, atcjuti, atcjut duta (scarlet), <y3 


i 




(red:) 


hiQi 


Bemember 


koSspewa kiksuya 




Bit>er 


taksita^ taksitai wakpa ; watpa 


azi 


Bun (e) ' 


hinda, hanta (n) inyanka 


tinie 


Say ivy 


hahewa (see Speak) eya 


ids 


Sea 


yetani, yetai, ietan mde (lake); mlM- 


) jninliqtia (gr^t 




wan:(ja (pnewa4;eT] 






water) 


-See(t) 


ohata, inewa, wa- ton wan ; wanyaka 


\ 




qeta wanlidaka 


ika ; atsicja 


Seven 


sag6in (n), sagomei, 






sagomink <jakowin 


(japua 


Seventeen 


agesagoxni ake-<;Akowm 


aqp:<japua 


SewW> 


ihoha kagheghe ; ipasisa 


kikaki 


Sheet 


handisonoi (N), an- 
gohlei, agore. 






agdde tcanhanpa 


hupa; itapa 


Shoot off it) 


opatansel . bopota 




Sick 


waginoxna yazan 


iqoade 


Sing ivy 


yamuniye (n) dowafi ; ahiyaya 




Sitter 


minek (n), tahank tawinoqtin ; tanka. 




tanku 


inu, itaku, i<;amS 


Sit 


Tnahananka iyotanka 


amaki 


Sbt 


agis (N), akisp. 






akaspei ^akpe 




Sixteen 


agegaspe abe<jakpe 


aqpiakama 


Ska 


mantoi, matoni. 






matoi ^maqpiya to 


apaqi 



1^.1 



43 



rHale. 



Tatelo. Dakota. Hidatsa. 

Sleep (r) Myan (n) ; hianta, 

liiantkapewa itjtinma hamiy binami 

Small kutqkai (n), kutskai, 

kotskai tQistinna ; tcjikadan ; 

niQkodan kariqta 

Snake waseni wan; wamduQka mapok<*a 

Son witeka (n), tekai; 

qul<;kai(seejS77zaZO t<{inktQi (ko<jk&, 

young man) idi<{i 

Spealc niqa (n), salai*nta, 

saLita^ liabewa, 
oaklaka ia;yaotanin id6, infi 



Spring (n) , 


weliahempei, weha- 








^hlinpe; maste 


wetu (maQtfi, warm) 


' 


Squirrel 


nistaqkai 


ta(}aahetqi; hetk- 
adan;zi(}a 




Stamp (tj) 








itdthfoot 


nankokisek - 


natata, natantan 




Star 


tabunif^kai (^0*tap 


» 






ninskai 


wit<;anqpi 


iQka 


Stay^(j3) 


naSka (see 3U) 


yanka 


daka 


Steal 


manon, mandnia 


manon 


aijadi 


Stone 


liisl6ki, nislek (jn) 


inyan 


mi' 


Strawberry 


haspahinuk 


wajuQtetQa 


amuiqoka 


Strike 


kohinualiiwa 


apa, kagtaka ^ 
I suta; wacj'aka 




Strong 


ilai; soti; wayupak 


itsii ( 


Summer 


"wehe piwa (see 








Spring) 


mdoketu 


ade, mande 


Sun 


mie or niln (n), mi 


I 






(see Moon) 


wi 


midi 


Stoeep (t) 


lakapl^k 


kabinta 




Ten 


potsk (n), putsk, 
but<;k, putskai, 








putskdni 


wikt(;emna 


pilika 


Thai 


ynk&n; neikin 


ka, kon 


kti 


Tlue 


bi, yi 


ni 


ni 


Their 


gitonnesel 


tawapi 


itamae i 


There 


kowai 


heti^i; ben; ka; kafiki bidikoa; ktiadi; 


t 


'« 




qekoa 


They 


imabese 


lyfepi 


i 


Thine 


yingitowe 


Hitawa 


nitawae 


Tliirteen 


agelali 


ftke-yamni 


aqpinami 


TIdrty 


t)atQka nam 


Wikt<;emna yaxtmi 


dumia-pitikA 









::,i5ii;:;:;? 



i )y 



m 



m 



Hale.] 



U 



[March 2, 





Tutelo. 


Dakota. 


Hidatsa. 


2%t# 


n£ke, nelkin 


de; detijedan 


hidi; hini 


Think 


opemiha ; kofispewa 


eg n ; ep<ja 


idle; inie 


Thau 


yim, ya, ye 


ni<j, ya, ye 


na, ni 


Thoti$and 


okeni butskai, nkeni 






mbutskai 


kektopawinghe 


pitikiqtia akakodi 


Three 


nan (k) nan],lat;,lanJ 


lyamni 


nami, nawi 


Thunder 


tui ; tuhangriia 


otin 


tabu 


ThyBdf 


yisai, yesani 


niye, niQ 


niqki 


TU{p) 


olohi 


iyakacjka ; paqta 


dutskiti 


Tobacco 


y^hni, yihnii 


t^andi 


ope 


lo-day 


nah&mbleken (see 






'. 


Day) 


etcjin; nakaha; an- 








petu kin de 


hini-mape 


Tot9 


atkasusai 


siyukaja ; sipinki)a 


itsiadutsamihe 


To'fnoTTovh 


naliampk (see To- 


^ 


' 




day) 


beyaketcifikan 


ataduk, ataruk 


Tongue 


netiji, netsi, letci 


tQOJi^ 


dezi (nezi) 


Tooth 


ilii(N) 


ti 


i,bi 


Town 


. mampi, mambi 


otonwe 


ati,' ati aliu 


Tree 


oni ; wi^ii (n) mien 


o 




(see Wood) . 


tQan 


mina (wood) 


Turkey 


mandahkai, man- 






"' * 


diilikai 


zit<ja tanka 




Twelve ^ 


agenomba 


ake-nonpa 


aqpidopa (agpi- 
nopa) ^ 


Twenty 


patska nomba 


wiktcemna nonpa 


nopapitika 


Two 


nomp (n) nomba 


nonpa 


nopa, dopa 


Ugly 


ukayik (see Bad) 


owafiyaq sitqa 


icia 


Uncle (my) 


minek' 


midekcji; 2Lte(f other) ate ; itadu 


^' r 


^ mae, wae 


on 


mido, wiro ' 


VaUey 


onqyayufi 


kaksiza ; tqokaS. 


amaqaktupi 


Faa(u) 


yalewa (see Go) 


man! 


dide 


Warm 


akateka, akatia 


kata ; t<;oza ; ma<;te ade 


Warrior 


eruiaone 


akitQita; mdets 


t- • 






hunka 


akimakikua 


Water 


. manl (n) 


mini 


mini, midi 


We 


mim, mae, wae. 




/, 


man, maes&n 


uS 




Weave 


anktaka 


yaSka ; kazonta 




Weep 


qskBk . 


tQeya 


imla 


Which 


etok 


tiikte 


tapa 


What t$ that f kakanwa 


taka (20^00 


tapa 



I li 



1883.1 



When 

Where 
WliiU 

Wlw 

Whose 

Wife 

.Wind 



Winter 
Wolf 



Woman 



Tutelo. 
tokenaq 



45 

Dakota, 
tohinai ; kehan 



tpka toki, tokiya ^ 

asiifii (n), asani, 

asai, asei san ; ska 

ketoa, heloa tuwe 

tewakivuawa tuwetawa 

(same as Womari) 

raihani tawitQu 

maninkie (n)» mam- 

unklei, maminkre, 

omaklewa tate 

waneSi, wanei wani, waniyetu 

munktagia (n), 

muaktokai, mak- 

tukai <}ufiktoket^ 

miLaiii, mihan (5), 

mahei winoliiiitcja, winyan mia 



[Halc^ 

Hidatsa. 
tnakadak ; tuaka- 

qedu 
torn, toka 



atuki; oqati 

tape 

tapeitamae 

itadamia ; na 



hutsi 
mana;tsinie (joold) 



motsa ; t<;e<ja 




Wood 
Work (17) 


miyeni, mien, miyci tgin 
oknalid qtani 


mina 

dalie ; kik<^ 


Te 

JeUow 


yim (see Thou) 
sii 


niyepi 
zi 


dido; niro 
tsi 


Tee A 
Teeterday 


aha, aban, awaqa 
silo. 


lian ; ho 
qtanihan 


e 

iiudiQedu; huri- 


Young 
Tour (pO 


yffiki 
yingi:ambui 


askatndan wota 
- nltawapi 


Qeru 



P.l:i 



m 



Hal&i 



46 



[March 2, 



7 OJIBWAYS 




1883.] 



47 



[Hale. 




I, ■■« 



u 



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